51-83-2 Usage
Description
Carbachol, also known as Carbamylcholine Chloride, is a cholinergic agonist that closely resembles acetylcholine. It is a white crystalline powder, odorless, but develops a faint odor of aliphatic amine upon standing in an open container. Carbachol forms a carbamylester in the active site of AChE, which is hydrolyzed more slowly than an acetyl ester. This slower hydrolysis rate reduces the amount of free enzyme and prolongs the duration of ACh in the synapse. It stimulates the autonomic ganglia and causes contraction of skeletal muscle but differs from a true muscarinic agent in that it does not have cardiovascular activity despite affecting M2 receptors.
Uses
Used in Ophthalmology:
Carbachol is used as an ophthalmic solution (eye drops) for the treatment of glaucoma. It is also used during ophthalmic surgery to induce miosis, the constriction of the pupil, which helps protect the eye and facilitate surgical procedures.
Used in Veterinary Medicine:
Carbachol is used chiefly in large animals, particularly for the treatment of colic in horses. As a parasympathomimetic, it helps to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, which can aid in the relief of gastrointestinal issues.
Used in Neuroprotection:
Studies have shown that Carbamylcholine Chloride displays antiapoptotic effects in cerebellar granule neurons, suggesting potential applications in neuroprotection and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Brand Names:
Carbachol is available under the brand names Carbastat (Novartis) and Miostat (Alcon).
Originator
Miostat,Alcon,US,1979
Manufacturing Process
About 14 g of choline chloride are stirred with a solution of about 20 g of
phosgene in 100 g of chloroform for about two hours at room temperature.
The mixture becomes a two-phase liquid mixture. Hydrochloric acid and
excess phosgene are removed by distillation in vacuo. Chloroform is added to
the syrup, and the mixture is then added to a solution of excess ammonia in
chloroform which was cooled with solid carbon dioxide-acetone. The mixture is
filtered, and the solid is extracted with hot absolute alcohol. The solid in the
alcoholic solution is precipitated with ether, and filtered. It is recrystallized
from a methyl alcohol-ether mixture; the carbaminoyl-choline chloride
obtained has a melting point of about 208°-210°C.
Therapeutic Function
Cholinergic
Air & Water Reactions
Hygroscopic.
Reactivity Profile
Carbachol is a carbamate ester. Carbamates are chemically similar to, but more reactive than amides. Like amides they form polymers such as polyurethane resins. Carbamates are incompatible with strong acids and bases, and especially incompatible with strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is produced by the combination of active metals or nitrides with carbamates. Strongly oxidizing acids, peroxides, and hydroperoxides are incompatible with carbamates.
Hazard
Deadly poison; may cause lowered blood
pressure, venous dilation, nausea or vomiting,
sweating and lachrymation; a parasympathetic
nerve stimulant.
Health Hazard
Highly toxic by mouth.
Fire Hazard
When heated to decomposition, Carbachol emits very toxic fumes of chloride and nitrogen oxides. The aqueous solution is stable even when heated.
Biological Activity
Cholinergic receptor agonist that is resistant to the action of cholinesterases. Blocks apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Non-selective cholinergic agonist that is resistant to the action of cholinesterases; inhibits apoptotic death of cultured neurons, and may induce apoptosis in thymocytes.
Clinical Use
Carbachol is a miotic and has been used to reduce the intraoculartension of glaucoma when a response cannot beobtained with pilocarpine or neostigmine. Penetration of thecornea is poor but can be enhanced by the use of a wettingagent in the ophthalmic solution. In addition to its topicaluse for glaucoma, carbachol is used during ocular surgery,when a more prolonged miosis is required than can be obtainedwith ACh chloride.
Potential Exposure
Used in veterinary medicine as a
cholinergic; parasympathomimetic, used chiefly in large
animals, especially for colic in the horse
Incompatibilities
Carbachol chloride is a carbamate ester.
Esters are generally incompatible with nitrates. Moisture
may cause hydrolysis or other forms of decomposition.
Carbamates are incompatible with strong acids and bases,
and especially incompatible with strong reducing agents
such as hydrideds and active metals. Contact with active
metals or nitrides form flammable gaseous hydrogen.
Incompatible with strongly oxidizing acids, peroxides, and
hydroperoxides.
Waste Disposal
It is inappropriate and possibly dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or
waste pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or
discarding them to the trash. Household quantities of
expired or waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet
cat litter or coffee grounds, double-bagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger quantities shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If
possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for
proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely
package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged, and transported by
a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by
burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or
incinerator.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 51-83-2 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 5 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 8 and 3 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 51-83:
(4*5)+(3*1)+(2*8)+(1*3)=42
42 % 10 = 2
So 51-83-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C6H14N2O2.ClH/c1-8(2,3)4-5-10-6(7)9;/h4-5H2,1-3H3,(H-,7,9);1H
51-83-2Relevant articles and documents
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR USE IN MEDICAL AND VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY
-
, (2012/05/04)
The invention relates to pharmaceutics, medicine, in particular to manufacturing and use of pharmaceutical compositions of medicines (ophthalmic preparations) comprising mitochondria-addressed antioxidant and a set of auxiliary substances providing effective treatment for ophtalmological diseases in humans and animals.
