57-94-3 Usage
Description
D-Tubocurarine Chloride, also known as Curare, is a white or slightly yellow crystalline alkaloid derived from the native Guyana Mukusi Indian word "wurari." It is an odorless compound with a specific optical rotation ranging from +210 to +224° and a melting point of anhydrous 274–275°C (decomposition). D-Tubocurarine Chloride is soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol, but insoluble in ether, pyridine, chloroform, benzene, and acetone. It has a long history of use, with its first mention by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1596 and subsequent scientific investigations leading to its medical applications.
Uses
Used in Medical Applications:
D-Tubocurarine Chloride is used as a neuromuscular blocking agent for various medical procedures. It was historically used as a paralyzing arrow/dart poison by indigenous South Americans and later adopted as a muscle relaxant during surgery. By controlling the degree of muscle relaxation independently of the depth of sedation, D-Tubocurarine Chloride greatly improves patient survival during surgery, although it brings an associated risk of awareness while anesthetized.
Used in Surgical Procedures:
In the field of surgery, D-Tubocurarine Chloride is used as a muscle relaxant to facilitate deep surgery. Before its use, increased relaxation could only be achieved by higher and riskier quantities of general anesthetic. D-Tubocurarine Chloride allows for better control and reduces the need for excessive anesthesia, leading to improved patient outcomes.
Used in Anesthesia:
D-Tubocurarine Chloride is used in anesthesia to augment general anesthesia during surgical procedures. It was first used in this context by Harold Griffith and Enid Johnson in 1942 when performing an appendectomy. Its use in anesthesia continued until the development of safer synthetic neuromuscular blocking analogues such as Pancuronium (in 1964), Vecuronium (in 1979), Mivacurium (in 1993), and Rocuronium (in 1994).
Used in Treating Tetanus and Strychnine Poisoning:
D-Tubocurarine Chloride has been demonstrated to be effective in treating tetanus and strychnine poisoning. George Harley first demonstrated this use in 1850, and it has since been recognized for its potential in managing these conditions.
History
Tubocurarine is a kind of alkaloid isolated from various plant extract alkaloid arrow
poisons originating from Central and South America, with a common name curare.
The active dextrorotatory form was first purified by R.?Boehm in 1879. The drug
was first used in clinical practice in 1942, and it was the first typical non-depolarizing
muscle relaxant .In the 1970s, Chinese scientists isolated the levo isomer of tubocurarine from
Cyclea hainansis and Cyclea barbata Miers (Menispermaceae). Its diiodomethane
salt showed better relaxation on striated muscle. Another derivative dimethyl-Lcurine dimethochloride further enhanced significantly the muscle relaxation efficacy Cissampelosime methiodide is another kind of muscle relaxant independently
developed in China, which is isolated from the Dai medicine Yahulu (Menispermaceae
plant Cissampelos pareira). It was mainly formulated into injection and exhibited
significant striate muscle relaxation as its Chinese name means . The discovery
of Cissampelosime methiodide led into the innovative development of traditional
Dai medicine which was later incorporated into the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s
Republic of China (1977)
Hazard
Highly toxic.
Biological Activity
Competitive, non-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist; causes skeletal muscle relaxation. Also a 5-HT 3 and GABA A receptor antagonist.
Pharmacology
The dextroisomer of tubocurarine has pharmacological activity. It is classified into
a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant and also known as competitive muscular relaxant. It binds the N2 cholinergic receptor on the motor nerve endplate and competitively blocks ACh-mediated depolarization, thus relaxing skeletal muscle.The drug is difficult to absorb under oral administration. For the intravenous
injection, onset time is 4–6?min. Upon administration of the drug, muscles used in
rapid exercise such as eye muscle first relax, and then the muscles in the limbs,
neck, and trunk relax too, followed by intercostal muscle relaxation and abdominal
breathing. If the dose is increased, it can ultimately cause diaphragmatic paralysis
until the breathing stops. The order of muscle relaxation recovery is contrary to that
of muscle relaxation, i.e., the diaphragm is the fastest recovered. This drug is clinically used for anesthesia and adjuvant drugs such as tracheal intubation and thoracoabdominal surgeryThis drug also blocks ganglion and the release of histamine, causing a decline in
heart rate and blood pressure, bronchial spasm, increased saliva secretion, etc.
Artificial respiration and the use of neostigmine are needed when large doses cause
respiratory muscle paralysis. Contraindications are myasthenia gravis, bronchial
asthma, and severe shock.
Clinical Use
The drug known for the muscle relaxants is mainly used for abdominal surgery and
was once used for the treatment of tremor paralysis, tetanus, rabies, poison, and so
on. For adults, the amount of one intravenous injection is 6–9?mg and can increase
to 3–4.5?mg if necessary (the amount should be reduced to 1/3?in ether anesthesia).
The action lasts for 20–40? min. The injection can be repeated according to the
length of the operation time and muscle relaxation needs, and the dose is half of the
first. For electrical shock, a dose of 0.165?mg/kg every time was administrated in
30–90?s. For diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, a dose of 0.004–0.033?mg/kg everytime was used. However, attention must be paid that the drug can lead to the risk of
paralysis of the respiratory muscles; emergency medicine and equipment must be
prepared before. Oxygen supply, endotracheal intubation, and artificial respiration
or injection of neostigmine at the same time (or phenolic ammonium chloride) can
be carried out to counteract breathing stopping. It is contraindicated for the patients
with myasthenia gravis. In addition, depolarizing muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine antagonizes non-depolarized muscle relaxant tubocurarine, and the clinical
combination should be avoided.
Safety Profile
Poison by ingestion,
intravenous, intraperitoneal, and
subcutaneous routes. Human toxicity: Large
doses and overdoses may cause respiratory
paralysis and hypotension. When heated to
decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of
NOx and Cl-. Used as a muscle relaxant.
Environmental Fate
D-Tubocurarine acts as a non-depolarizing competitive antagonist
at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the motor end
plate of the neuromuscular junction, causing the relaxation of
skeletal muscle. D-Tubocurarine competes with at least an equal
affinity to acetylcholine, and at the same position on nicotinic
receptors. Hence curare does not affect cardiac muscle, smooth
muscle, or glandular secretions. Flaccid paralysis begins within
a minute and progressively prevents movement of the eyes,
limbs, and finally trunk. Death due to respiratory paralysis can
occur within 3–20 min.
Purification Methods
Crystallise this chloride from water. It forms various hydrates. The hydrochloride pentahydrate has m 268-269o (from H2O) and [] D +190o (0.5, H2O). Its solubility in H2O at 25o is 50mg/mL. [Beilstein 27 II 897, 27 III/IV 8727.]
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 57-94-3 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 5 and 7 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 9 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 57-94:
(4*5)+(3*7)+(2*9)+(1*4)=63
63 % 10 = 3
So 57-94-3 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C37H40N2O6.2ClH/c1-38-14-12-24-19-32(42-4)33-21-27(24)28(38)16-22-6-9-26(10-7-22)44-37-35-25(20-34(43-5)36(37)41)13-15-39(2,3)29(35)17-23-8-11-30(40)31(18-23)45-33;;/h6-11,18-21,28-29H,12-17H2,1-5H3,(H-,40,41);2*1H/t28-,29?;;/m0../s1
