9012-00-4

Basic information

• Product Name: PROTAMINE
• Synonyms: protamines;PROTAMINE;protamine free base grade iv;protamine from salmon;HSDB 3251
• CAS NO: 9012-00-4
• Molecular Weight: 0
• EINECS: 232-726-0
• Product Categories: Enzyme Inhibitors;Enzyme Inhibitors by Type;Substrate Analogs
• Mol File: 9012-00-4.mol
• Article Data: 0

Chemical Properties

• Appearance: /
• Storage Temp.: −20°C
• Solubility: H2O: clear
• CAS DataBase Reference: PROTAMINE(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: PROTAMINE(9012-00-4)
• EPA Substance Registry System: PROTAMINE(9012-00-4)

Safety Data

• WGK Germany: 3
• RTECS: UK9440000
• Hazardous Substances Data: 9012-00-4(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Description

PROTAMINE is a small, basic, and cationic protein that is purified from fish sperm or salmon testes. It is known for its ability to bind to heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and neutralize its anticoagulant effects. PROTAMINE has a wide range of applications in various industries due to its unique properties.

Uses

Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
PROTAMINE is used as an antidote for heparin overdose in humans. It rapidly neutralizes the anticoagulant effects of heparin, preventing bleeding complications and ensuring the safety of patients.
Used in Research Applications:
PROTAMINE is used as a research tool to study the interactions between heparin and other proteins. It helps researchers understand the mechanisms of heparin binding and its effects on various biological processes.
Used in In Vitro Diagnostics:
PROTAMINE is used in in vitro diagnostic tests to prevent the formation of the antithrombin (AT) complex in samples from animals pre-treated with heparin. This allows for accurate measurement of heparin levels and assessment of its therapeutic effects.
Used in Surface Science:
PROTAMINE is used to study the influences of external potential on the adsorption of various proteins to a metal surface. This helps researchers understand the factors that affect protein-metal interactions and develop new materials and coatings with improved biocompatibility and performance.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Protamines are found to displace histones in DNA during spermatogenesis in animals and plants. Protamine is useful as a heparin neutralizer during heart surgery, dialysis and in many other clinical procedures.

Mechanism of action

Protamine sulfate has been approved in the United States as a specific antagonist to heparin since 1968. Protamines are an arginine-rich, highly basic group of simple proteins derived from salmon sperm. The highly acidic heparin polysaccharides exhibit their anticoagulant activity through binding to antithrombin III. Because of the basicity of protamine, heparin has an increased affinity for protamine relative to antithrombin III. In fact, its binding affinity for protamine is so much greater than that of antithrombin III that protamine actually will induce dissociation of the heparin/antithrombin III complex. If protamine is administered in the absence of heparin, it can have marked effects on coagulation. Protamine is not completely selective for heparin and, in vivo, also interacts with fibrinogen, platelets, and other plasma proteins causing anticoagulation. For this reason, use of the minimal amount of protamine necessary to antagonize heparin-associated bleeding should be employed (usually 1 mg of protamine intravenously for every 100 U of heparin remaining in the patient).

Side effects

Anaphylaxis also has been associated with the use of protamine. Although development of protamine anaphylaxis is not limited to diabetics, those patients with diabetes that have used protaminecontaining insulin (NPH or protamine zinc) do have a slightly increased risk of anaphylaxis. Some less common reactions to protamine include pulmonary vasoconstriction, hypotension, and thrombus formation.