9015-68-3

Basic information

• Product Name: ASPARAGINASE
• Synonyms: EC 3.5.1.1;L-ASPARAGINE AMIDOHYDROLASE;L-ASPARAGINASE;IUB: 3.5.4.4;ASPARAGINASE;colaspase;crasnitin;elspar
• CAS NO: 9015-68-3
• Molecular Formula: C14H17NO4S
• Molecular Weight: 295.35
• EINECS: 232-765-3
• Product Categories: Steroid and Hormone;enzyme
• Mol File: 9015-68-3.mol
• Article Data: 0

Chemical Properties

• Appearance: /suspension
• Storage Temp.: 2-8°C
• Merck: 13,841
• CAS DataBase Reference: ASPARAGINASE(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: ASPARAGINASE(9015-68-3)
• EPA Substance Registry System: ASPARAGINASE(9015-68-3)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: T,Xn
• Statements: 61-42/43-63
• Safety Statements: 53-22-36/37/39-45-36/37
• RIDADR: 3249
• WGK Germany: 3
• RTECS: CI9000000
• F: 10-21
• HazardClass: 6.1(a)
• PackingGroup: II
• Hazardous Substances Data: 9015-68-3(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Description

Asparaginase is an enzyme that can be used as a medication and in the food industry. It is primarily extracted from E. coli. In the medical field, it is used for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This is because asparaginase can convert L-asparagine into aspartate and ammonia, depleting the available asparagine needed for leukemic cells and leading to cell death. In the food industry, it can be used as a processing aid in the manufacture of food to reduce the formation of acrylamide, a potential carcinogen, by removing the asparagine that can undergo the Maillard reaction during cooking to induce tumors in fried and baked food.

Uses

Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Asparaginase is used as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It works by hydrolyzing extracellular asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, depriving tumor cells of a necessary nutrient and inhibiting protein synthesis, leading to cell death. The enzyme is specific for the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Used in Food Industry:
Asparaginase is used as a processing aid in the manufacture of food to reduce the formation of acrylamide during roasting, deep-frying, or baking. The enzyme hydrolyzes free asparagine to aspartic acid, preventing the formation of acrylamide by the reaction of asparagine with reducing sugars at elevated temperatures during the Maillard reaction. This mitigation of acrylamide formation is especially important for cerealand potato-based products, such as crackers, crispbread, gingerbread, biscuits, French fries, and potato chips. After asparaginase pretreatment, the acrylamide concentration in certain foods could be reduced by up to 97%.
Used in Research and Development:
Asparaginase is used in research for the development of new drug delivery systems and L-asparagine biosensors for leukemia. It is also used in biotechnological applications, such as the optimization of enzyme properties through in vitro directed evolution, which has led to improved thermal stability and increased half-life at higher temperatures.

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginase

Originator

Enzon (U.S.A.)

Indications

The enzyme L-asparaginase (Elspar) is derived from the bacteria Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. L-Glutamine also can undergo hydrolysis by this enzyme, and during therapy, the plasma levels of both amino acid substrates fall to zero.Tumor cells sensitive to L-asparaginase are deficient in the enzyme asparagine synthetase and therefore cannot synthesize asparagine. Depletion of exogenous asparagine and glutamine inhibits protein synthesis in cells lacking asparagine synthetase, which leads to inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis and cell death.

Manufacturing Process

Therapeutically active L-asparaginase is isolated from bacteria from the genus Erwinia, a known genus pathogenic towards plants. L-asparaginase is conveniently isolated from this genus by growing the bacteria upon a suitable nutrient medium until a desired quantity is obtained and then extracting the L-asparaginase either by conventional cell disruption methods, or preferably, by processes more fully described in US Patent 3,660,238.

Therapeutic Function

Antineoplastic (acute leukemia)

Biochem/physiol Actions

Asparaginase (ASNase) products are usually obtained from?Escherichia coli?and?Erwinia chrysanthemi. These enzymes can block the synthesis of protein in tumor cells. It shows high activity in the G1?phase of the cell cycle. It is capable of causing pancreatitis in leukemia patients.

Mechanism of action

The half-life of L-asparaginase in human plasma is 6 to 30 hours.The drug remains primarily in the intravascular space, so its volume of distribution is only slightly greater than that of the plasma. Metabolism and disposition are thought to occur through serum proteases, the reticuloendothelial system, and especially in patients with prior exposure to the drug, binding by antibodies. The drug is not excreted in urine, and very little appears in the CSF.

Clinical Use

The major indication for L-asparaginase is in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia; complete remission rates of 50 to 60% are possible. Lack of crossresistance and bone marrow toxicity make the enzyme particularly useful in combination chemotherapy. LAsparaginase also can be used in the treatment of certain types of lymphoma. It has no role in the treatment of nonlymphocytic leukemias or other types of cancer.

Clinical Use

Pegaspargase, a polyethylene glycol conjugate of L-asparaglnase (ASNase), was launched for combination chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). L-Asparaginase is an enzyme that inhibits protein synthesis by the depletion of sources of L-asparagine, which is necessary for transformed lymphoid cells to proliferate. It has been used as a standard component of the antileukemia armamentarium for childhood All. Pegaspargase has greater antitumor activity, a longer plasma half-life and less immunogenicity than ASNase. It produces minimal side effects after repeated dosing, whereas ASNase induces anaphylactic shock, urticaria, anorexia or vomiting and acute pancreatitis in dogs, and other immunological effects in man resulting from sensitization to the enzyme or protein synthesis inhibition. The efficacy of pegaspargase for other indications including breast and lung cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and pancreatic cancer has been reported.

Anticancer Research

Both the commonly known and distinctive species have been reported to produceL-asparaginase. The common species of endophytes, which produce L-asparaginase,include Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., and Colletotrichum sp. They are isolated asendophytes from a variety of medicinal plants (Audipudi et al. 2014; El-Said et al.2016). Chow and Ting (2015) studiedL-asparaginase production from fungal endophytes isolated from anticancer plantsin Malaysia. They found Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium simplicissimumfrom Murraya koenigii and Pereskia bleo, respectively, as effective producers ofL-asparaginase. In addition to L-asparaginase, endophytes from anticancer plantshave also been established as producers of other valuable anticancer, antimicrobial,and antioxidant compounds. This is further supported by many reports on discoveryof these anticancer agents in different species of endophytic fungi either from sameor different host plants.

Side effects

Since it is a foreign protein, L-asparaginase may produce hypersensitivity reactions, including urticarial skin rashes and severe anaphylactic reactions. One-third of patients have nausea, anorexia, weight loss, and mild fever. Almost all patients develop elevated serum transaminases and other biochemical indices of hepatic dysfunction. Severe hepatic toxicity occurs in fewer than 5% of cases. Patients receiving L-asparaginase may develop symptoms of CNS toxicity, including drowsiness, confusion, impaired mentation, and even coma. Pancreatitis occurs in 5 to 10% of cases.Hyperglycemia, possibly due to inhibition of insulin synthesis, also may occur. L-Asparaginase differs from most cytotoxic drugs in its lack of toxicity to bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, and hair follicles.

Safety Profile

Human (child) systemic effects byintramuscular route. An experimental teratogen. Otherexperimental reproductive effects. Questionablecarcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data.

Veterinary Drugs and Treatments

Asparaginase has been useful in combination with other agents in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. The drug is most useful in inducing remission of disease but is occasionally used in maintenance or rescue protocols. Use of asparaginase as part of an initial treatment lymphosarcoma protocol is now somewhat controversial, as one study (MacDonald, Thamm et al. 2005) in dogs showed no statistical difference for response rates, remission or survival rate, remission or survival duration, or prevalence of toxicity and treatment delay in dogs treated with or without asparaginase as part of a standard CHOP protocol.

InChI:InChI=1/C15H16Cl3N3O2.C9H8O4/c1-2-4-20(15(22)21-5-3-19-10-21)6-7-23-14-12(17)8-11(16)9-13(14)18;1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h3,5,8-10H,2,4,6-7H2,1H3;2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12)