944-22-9 Usage
Description
FONOFOS, also known as Dyfonate, is an organophosphorus compound that acts as an acaricide and insecticide. It is a colorless, odorless liquid with a slight sulfur-like odor. FONOFOS works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine and causes paralysis and death in target pests.
Uses
Used in Agriculture:
FONOFOS is used as a soil insecticide for controlling various crop pests such as rootworms, wireworms, crickets, and similar insects. It is effective in protecting a wide range of crops, including vegetables, sorghum, ornamentals, cereals, maize, vines, olives, sugar beet, sugarcane, potatoes, groundnuts, tobacco, turf, and fruit crops.
Used in Turf Management:
FONOFOS is also used in turf management to control soil insects that can damage lawns and other grassy areas. Its application helps maintain the health and appearance of turf by eliminating pests that can cause damage to the grass roots and overall turf quality.
Reactivity Profile
Organothiophosphates, such as FONOFOS, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides. It is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in acetone, ethanol, xylene, and kerosene.
Health Hazard
Cholinesterase inhibitor; highly toxic byingestion and skin absorption; exhibitsacute, delayed, and chronic poisoning; toxicsymptoms include headache, blurred vision,pinpoint pupils, salivation, tearing, musclespasms, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea,seizure, shortness of breath, and respiratoryarrest; ingestion of 0.5–29 can cause deathto adult humans; median lethal dose (oral)in rat reported in the literature varies at3–25 mg/kg; bioaccumulation potential ofthis toxicant is expected to be high becauseof high K ow (8000):LD50 oral (rat): 3–25 mg/kgLD50 oral (dog): 3.3 mg/kgLD50 skin (rabbit): 25 mg/kgLD50 skin (rat): 147 mg.
Health Hazard
FONOFOS is a cholinesterase inhibitor. It can cause severe symptoms and death from respiratory arrest.
Health Hazard
Fonofos is highly toxic like many other organophosphate pesticides to humans and animals. Exposure to fonofos induces clinical signs of toxicity with typical symptoms of poisoning and cholinesterase inhibition. Accidental ingestion of fonofos by occupational workers results in signs and symptoms of acute intoxication, including muscarinic, nicotinic, and CNS manifestations. Symptoms of fonofos poisoning is a delayed process and occur within a few minutes to 12 h after exposure. Early symptoms of poisoning include, but are not limited to, blurred vision, pinpoint pupils, headache, dizziness, depression, tremors, salivation, diarrhea, and labored breathing. Skin absorption of fonofos causes sweating and muscle twitching, while eye contact leads to severe tearing, pain, and blurred vision. Prolonged exposures to high concentrations of fonofos lead to respiratory failure and death. There are no reports indicating that fonophos is mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic in animals and humans. Fonofos registration was cancelled in 1999, therefore, it is not considered an environmental contaminant of concern at the present time.
Fire Hazard
When FONOFOS is heated to decomposition, FONOFOS can emit highly toxic fumes of phosphorus oxides.
Trade name
CAPFOS?; CUDGEL?; DIFONATE?;
DYFONATE?[C]; DYPHONATE?; DOUBLE DOWN?;
STAUFFER-2790
Safety Profile
Poison by ingestion and
skin contact. An insecticide. When heated to
decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of POx and SOx.
Potential Exposure
A potential danger to those involved
in the manufacture, formulation and application of this soil
insecticide which is used for control of corn rootworms,
wireworms, cutworms, symphylins, and other soil pests.
Incompatibilities: Strong acids, alkalies.
Environmental Fate
Soil. The half-life for fonofos in soil incubated in the laboratory under aerobic conditions ranged was 25 days (Lichtenstein et al., 1977). In field soils, the half-lives for fonofos ranged from 24 to 102 days (Kiigemgi and Terriere, 1971; Schulz and Lichtenstein, 1971; Mathur et al., 1976; Talekar et al., 1977).Plant. In plants, fonofos is oxidized to the phosphonothioate (Hartley and Kidd, 1987). Oat plants were grown in two soils treated with [14C]fonofos. Most of the residues remained bound to the soil. Less than 2% of the applied [14C]fonofos was reChemical/Physical. The hydrolysis half-lives of fonofos in a sterile 1% ethanol/water solution at 25°C and pH values of 4.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0, were 87, 50, 41, 22 and 6.9 weeks, respectively (Chapman and Cole, 1982). Emits toxic nitrogen and
Metabolic pathway
The metabolism of fonofos in plants and animals follows similar pathways,
with both activation and degradative steps occurring as primary
metabolic events. The former involves oxidative desulfuration to the
active acetylcholinesterase inhibitor fonofos oxon. The oxon is hydrolysed
rapidly in most biological systems and the resulting thiophenol is very
rapidly metabolised via S-methylation, thiooxidation, ring hydroxylation
and conjugation.
Degradation
Fonofos is hydrolysed in acidic and alkaline media (PM).
Waste Disposal
This phosphono compound is
reported to be satisfactorily decomposed by hypochlorite.
In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations
for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must
be disposed properly by following package label directions
or by contacting your local or federal environmental control
agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 944-22-9 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 9,4 and 4 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 2 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 944-22:
(5*9)+(4*4)+(3*4)+(2*2)+(1*2)=79
79 % 10 = 9
So 944-22-9 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C10H15OPS2/c1-3-9-6-4-5-7-10(9)8(2)12(11,13)14/h4-8H,3H2,1-2H3,(H2,11,13,14)/p-2
944-22-9Relevant articles and documents
Concentrates of organophosphorous insecticides
-
, (2008/06/13)
A low volatile organic compound co-solvent system is disclosed for preparing emulsion concentrates of low melting organophosphorous insecticides wherein the bioefficacy of the insecticide active is significantly enhanced. The co-solvent system comprises a water-soluble ethoxylated fatty acid/rosin acid-nonionic surfactant composition.
