Sulfadiazine 68-35-9 Large in promotion CAS NO.68-35-9

sodium sulfadiazine sulfadiazine sodium is the sodium salt sulfadiazine, briefly called sd-na. it is white crystalline powder and is odorless with slightly bitter taste. its color gradually changes upon exposure to daylight. long-term placement in humid air causes the gradual absorption of carbon dioxide and the precipitation of sulfa. it is made through the reaction between sulfadiazine and sodium hydroxide. it can be used for the treatment of the infection caused by hemolytic streptococcus, pneumococcus, and meningococcus.
pharmacological effects sulfadiazine hemolytic has inhibitory effect on various kinds of microorganisms including streptococcus, staphylococcus, meningococcus, pneumococcus, neisseria gonorrhoeae, escherichia coli, shigella and other sensitive bacteria as well as chlamydia trachomatis, actinomycetes, plasmodium, toxoplasma gondii and star nocardia. the antibacterial activity of this product is similar as that of sulfasuccinamide. but in recent years, there are increased reports regarding the bacterial resistance to this product, especially in streptococcus, neisseria and enterobacteriaceae. sulfa-class belongs to broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. the molecular structure of sulfadiazine is similar as that of the amino benzoic acid (paba), and can compete with paba for acting on the dihydrofolate synthetase inside bacterial cells, thereby preventing the biosynthesis of folic acid (essential for bacteria) using paba as the raw material and further reducing the amount of metabolically active folate, which is a indispensible material for bacterial synthesis of purines, thymidine and deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) and thereby inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria.
pharmacokinetics this product can be easily absorbed after oral administration (more than 70% of the administrated drug can be absorbed), but with the absorption rate being relative slow. after a single oral dose of 2g, the plasma concentration reaches peak after 3~6 hours with the peak of free plasma concentration being about 30~60μg/ml. after drug absorption, it widely distributed in body tissue and pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, saliva, sweat, urine and bile. the drug is easy to penetrate through the blood-brain barrier as well as being able to enter into the breast milk and penetrate through the placental barrier. when there is no meningeal inflammation, cerebrospinal fluid drug concentration is about 50% of the plasma concentration. while the value can be 50% to 80% when there is meningeal inflammation.
the drug has a low plasma protein binding rate which is around 38% to 48%. the elimination life for patients of normal renal function is about 10 hours while it can be as long as 34 hours for patients with kidney failure. sulfadiazine drug is mainly deactivated in the liver through acetylation metabolism, followed by deactivation upon binding to the glucuronide in the liver. the drug is primarily excreted through glomerular filtration. within 48 to 72 hours after administration of the drug, around 60% to 85% of administrated drug is excreted form urine. in addition, there is still a small amount of drugs being able to be discharged through feces, milk, and bile. hemodialysis can partially clear the drug. however, peritoneal dialysis can’t effectively remove the drugs.
indications sulfa drugs belong to broad-spectrum antibiotic. however, because of the resistance of many current clinical common pathogens to this class of drugs, it is only used for treating the infection caused by sensitive bacteria and other kinds of susceptible pathogens.
sulfadiazine (not including the fdc of this drug together with trimethoprim) has its main indications as follows:
1. used for prevention and treating the meningococcal meningitis caused by sensitive meningococcal.
2. when being used in combination with trimethoprim, it can be used for treating the otitis media and other kinds of soft tissue infection caused sensitive haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and other kinds of streptococcus.
3. used for treating disease related to star nocardia.
4. used as the adjuvant drug assisting in the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria.
5. used as the secondary-choice drug for treatment of chlamydia trachomatis-induced urethritis and cervicitis.
6. used as the secondary-choice drug for treatment of neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis.
side effects 1. it can cause kidney damage. this product has a low acetylation ratio. this product and its acetylated compound has a low solubility in the urine and is easily subject to crystal precipitation upon a acidic urine, doing harm to the renal tubular as well as the epithelial cells of other urinary tract and causing crystallization of urine, hematuria, proteinuria, and even urine retention or uremia in severe cases.
2. hematopoietic system reactions include neutropenia, acute hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, and thrombocytopenia purpura.
3. gastrointestinal reactions include nausea and vomiting. occasionally: jaundice, liver and spleen. for newborns, premature children, it can cause jaundice, and even kernicterus.
4. urinary system damage: as the prototype of sulfonamides and acesulfame are primarily subject to renal excretion and thus have higher concentrations in the urine. upon acidic urine, its solubility decreases and can be crystallized and precipitated in renal tubules, renal pelvis, ureter or bladder, causing crystallization of urine, hematuria, proteinuria, dysuria, oliguria and even urine retention.
5. allergic reactions: commonly include rash, drug fever and even exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme exudativum in severe cases. this often occurs during the 7 to 10 days after the medication. photosensitive dermatitis has also been reported.
production method 1. propargyl alcohol method: take acetylene and formaldehyde to subject to catalytic acetylenation (copper acetylide as the catalyst) in a pressurized (1.96~2.3mpa) to obtain propargyl alcohol, which is further subject to catalytic oxidation (2.36mpa) to obtain acraldehyde, which simultaneously has addition reaction together with diethylamine to generate diethylamino acrolein. further go through condensation reaction with sulfa guanidine, acid precipitation, refining to obtain the finished product of sulfadiazine.