- POTENTIAL ALLELOPATHIC LUPANE TRITERPENES FROM BIOACTIVE FRACTIONS OF MELILOTUS MESSANENSIS
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The aerial parts of Melilotus messanenis (sweet clover) afforded, from the medium polar bioactive fractions, in addition to the known lupane triterpenes lupeol, betulin, betulin aldehyde and betulinic acid, the new norlupane messagenin (30-norlupane-3β,28-diol-20-one) which have been tested as allelochemicals.Structures and their stereochemistries were elucidated by spectral methods and chemical transformations.Messagenin has been synthesized from betulinic acid.The effect of a series of aqueous solutions at 10-4-10-9 M of eight natural and synthetic lupane derivatives were tested for their effects on the germination and growth of the dicotyledon species Lactuca sativa and Lepidium sativum and the monocotyledon species Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum.All eight lupane triterpenes possess potential allelopathic activity in particular over dicotyledon species and they are likely to be significantly involved in the alleopathic action of Melilotus messanensis. - Key words: Melilotus messanensis; Leguminoseae; Fabaceae; sweet clover; lupane triterpenes; messagenin; 30-nor-lupane-3β,28-diol-20-one; allelopathy; Lactuca sativa; lepidium sativa; Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum.
- Macias, Francisco A.,Simonet, Ana M.,Esteban, M. Dolores
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- Alkyl amine bevirimat derivatives are potent and broadly active HIV-1 maturation inhibitors
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Concomitant with the release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles from the infected cell, the viral protease cleaves the Gag polyprotein precursor at a number of sites to trigger virus maturation. We previously reported that a betulinic acid-derived compound, bevirimat (BVM), blocks HIV-1 maturation by disrupting a late step in protease-mediated Gag processing: the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) intermediate to mature CA. BVM was shown in multiple clinical trials to be safe and effective in reducing viral loads in HIV-1-infected patients. However, naturally occurring polymorphisms in the SP1 region of Gag (e.g., SP1-V7A) led to a variable response in some BVM-treated patients. The reduced susceptibility of SP1-polymorphic HIV-1 to BVM resulted in the discontinuation of its clinical development. To overcome the loss of BVM activity induced by polymorphisms in SP1, we carried out an extensive medicinal chemistry campaign to develop novel maturation inhibitors. In this study, we focused on alkyl amine derivatives modified at the C-28 position of the BVM scaffold. We identified a set of derivatives that are markedly more potent than BVM against an HIV-1 clade B clone (NL4-3) and show robust antiviral activity against a variant of NL4-3 containing the V7A polymorphism in SP1. One of the most potent of these compounds also strongly inhibited a multiclade panel of primary HIV-1 isolates. These data demonstrate that C-28 alkyl amine derivatives of BVM can, to a large extent, overcome the loss of susceptibility imposed by polymorphisms in SP1.
- Urano, Emiko,Ablan, Sherimay D.,Mandt, Rebecca,Pauly, Gary T.,Sigano, Dina M.,Schneider, Joel P.,Martin, David E.,Nitz, Theodore J.,Wild, Carl T.,Freed, Eric O.
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- Preparation of Betulone Via Betulin Oxidation Over Ru Nanoparticles Deposited on Graphitic Carbon Nitride
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Derivatives of betulin obtained by oxidation have broad pharmacological applications, demonstrating anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anticancer activity. Ru supported catalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride or N-doped carbon were prepared via a mild reduction of the initial Ru precursor with hydrazine. These catalysts along with Ru supported on carbon nanofibers and a mesoporous carbon support Sibunit were studied in catalytic oxidation of betulin. Ru/carbon nitride demonstrated catalytic activity in betulin oxidation higher than Ru/N-doped carbon (conversion of betulin up to ca. 70% and 30%, respectively). Selectivity to different oxidation products was dependent on the properties of the carbon supports.
- Shcherban,M?ki-Arvela,Aho,Sergiienko,Skoryk,Kolobova,Simakova,Er?nen,Smeds,Hemming,Murzin, D. Yu.
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- Synthesis and biological activity of new homolupanes and homolupane saponins
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A concise synthesis of 28a-homolupane triterpenes and the corresponding saponins containing d-mannose, d-idose, d-arabinose, and l-rhamnose moieties was elaborated. The overall synthesis of the new triterpenes involved three linear steps starting from readily available 3-O-acetyl-betulinal: elongation of the carbon chain by Wittig reaction followed by enol ether hydrolysis and reduction (or oxidation) of the elongated aldehyde. Saponins were obtained by glycosylation of triterpenes with classical Schmidt donors. Cytotoxic activities of new lupane and homolupane compounds were evaluated in vitro. Several triterpenes and the corresponding saponins exhibited an interesting cytotoxic activity profile against human cancer cell lines. Influence of the side-chain structure and substituents on the cytotoxicity of betulin and homobetulin derivatives was investigated. These results open the way to the synthesis of various lupane-type triterpene and saponin derivatives as potential anticancer compounds.
- Sidoryk, Katarzyna,Korda, Anna,Rárová, Lucie,Okle??ková, Jana,Strnad, Miroslav,Cmoch, Piotr,Pakulski, Zbigniew,Gwardiak, Katarzyna,Karczewski, Romuald,Luboradzki, Roman
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- Selective oxidation of betulin by Cr(VI) reagents
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Oxidation of betulin by pyridinium dichromate, pyridinium chlorochromate, and K2Cr2O7 - H2SO4 in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide was studied. Products of regioselective C-3, C-28-, and exha
- Komissarova,Belenkova,Spirikhin,Shitikova,Yunusov
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- Dimethylaminopyridine derivatives of lupane triterpenoids are potent disruptors of mitochondrial structure and function
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Development of mitochondrially-targeted drugs is receiving increasing attention because of the central roles these organelles play in energy production, reactive oxygen generation, and regulation of cell death pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated that both natural and synthetic triterpenoids can disrupt mitochondrial structure and function. In this study, we tested the ability of a number of dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) derivatives of lupane triterpenoids to target mitochochondria in two human melanoma cell lines and an untransformed normal fibroblast line. These compounds induced a striking fragmentation and depolarization of the mitochondrial network, along with an inhibition of cell proliferation. A range of potencies among these compounds was noted, which was correlated with the number, position, and orientation of the DMAP groups. Overall, the extent of proliferation inhibition mirrored the effectiveness of mitochondrial disruption. Thus, DMAP derivatives of lupane triterpenoids can be potent mitochondrial perturbants that appear to suppress cell growth primarily via their mitochondrial effects.
- Holy, Jon,Kolomitsyna, Oksana,Krasutsky, Dmytro,Oliveira, Paulo J.,Perkins, Edward,Krasutsky, Pavel A.
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- Selective oxidation of betulin for the preparation of betulinic acid, an antitumoral compound
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This paper describes a semisynthetic approach for the preparation of betulinic acid from betulin. The main step of this synthetic approach is the selective oxidation of primary alcohol function of betulin. This reaction is accomplished with chromic oxide adsorbed on silica gel to obtain betulinal in an adequate yield. Betulinal is then almost quantitatively oxidized to betulinic acid by potassium permanganate action.
- Pichette, Andre,Liu, Hongyan,Roy, Christian,Tanguay, Steve,Simard, Francois,Lavoie, Serge
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- Oxidation of a wood extractive betulin to biologically active oxo-derivatives using supported gold catalysts
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Betulin (90-94%) was extracted from birch with a non-polar solvent and recrystallized from 2-propanol. Liquid-phase oxidation of betulin aimed at obtaining its biologically active oxo-derivatives (betulone, betulonic and betulinic aldehydes), exhibiting e.g. antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, anticancer and anti-HIV properties, was demonstrated for the first time over gold-based catalysts. Gold was deposited on pristine TiO2 and the same support modified with ceria and lanthana, followed by pretreatment with a H2 or O2 atmosphere. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, ICP, TEM, XPS, DRIFT CO, TPD of NH3 and CO2 methods. The nature of the support, type of modification and the pretreatment atmosphere through the metal-support interactions significantly influenced the average particle size of gold, its distribution and the electronic state of gold, as well as the acid-base properties and, thereby, the catalytic performance (activity and selectivity) in betulin oxidation. Au/La2O3/TiO2 pretreated in H2 displayed the highest catalytic activity in betulin oxidation among the studied catalysts with selectivities to betulone, betulonic and betulinic aldehydes of 42, 32 and 27%, respectively, at 69% conversion. Side reactions resulting in oligomerization/polymerization products occurred on the catalyst surface with the participation of strong acid sites, diminishing the yield of the desired compounds. The latter was improved by adding hydrotalcite with the basic properties to the reaction mixture containing the catalyst. Kinetic modelling through numerical data fitting was performed to quantify the impact of such side reactions and determine the values of rate constants.
- Kolobova, Ekaterina N.,Pakrieva, Ekaterina G.,Carabineiro, Sónia A. C.,Bogdanchikova, Nina,Kharlanov, Andrey N.,Kazantsev, Sergey O.,Hemming, Jarl,M?ki-Arvela, P?ivi,Pestryakov, Alexey N.,Murzin, Dmitry Yu.
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- Synthesis of betulinic acid derivatives with activity against human melanoma
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Betulinic acid has been modified at C-3, C-20, and C-28 positions and the toxicity of the derivatives has been evaluated against cultured human melanoma (MEL-2) and human epidermoid carcinoma of the mouth (KB) cell lines. This preliminary investigation demonstrates that simple modifications of the parent structure of betulinic acid can produce potentially important derivatives, which may be developed as antitumor drugs.
- Kim, Darrick S. H. L.,Pezzuto, John M.,Pisha, Emily
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- Oxidative transformations of betulinol
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Starting from commercially available betulinol by a combination of several selective oxidation procedures betutinal, betulinic acid, betulonal as well as betulonic acid were obtained in high yields on a multi-gram scale.
- Barthel, Alexander,Stark, Sebastian,Csuk, René
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- Electrosynthesis of Stable Betulin-Derived Nitrile Oxides and their Application in Synthesis of Cytostatic Lupane-Type Triterpenoid-Isoxazole Conjugates
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Novel lupane-type triterpenoid-isoxazole conjugates were designed by direct placing of isoxazole linker at C(17) of triterpenoid. The suggested synthetic sequence demonstrates successful combination of electro-organic synthesis and conventional approaches. TEMPO-mediated electrooxidation of betulin to betulinal was developed and optimized at boron-doped diamond anodes with potassium acetate as inexpensive supporting electrolyte. Betulinal-derived oxime was further selectively electro-oxidized at a graphite anode to nitrile oxide, which proved to be stable and isolable species. The same reaction sequence was performed with 3β-lupane-3,28-diol. Nitrile oxides were characterized by 15N NMR and X-ray crystallography. The isolable nitrile oxides allowed creation of isoxazole library by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with various alkynes. Some of the title conjugates exhibit cytostatic properties against breast cancer cell line MCF7, glioblastoma multiform cell line U-87 MG and lung carcinoma cell line A549 with growth inhibition (GI50) concentrations up to 11 μm, while being harmless to immortalized human fibroblasts hTERT (GI50 >100 μm).
- Lugi?ina, Jevge?ija,Linden, Martin,Bazulis, Māris,Kumpi??, Viktors,Mishnev, Anatoly,Popov, Sergey A.,Golubeva, Tatiana S.,Waldvogel, Siegfried R.,Shults, Elvira E.,Turks, Māris
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- A practical synthesis of betulinic acid
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A new synthetic route for the synthesis of betulinic acid from betulin has been developed. The main step of this procedure is the selective oxidation of the primary alcohol function of betulin without affecting the secondary hydroxyl group. Applying shorter reaction times and lower temperatures results in the exclusive formation of the corresponding aldehyde, betulinal.
- Csuk, René,Schmuck, Kianga,Sch?fer, Renate
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- Design and synthesis of novel betulin derivatives containing thio-/semicarbazone moieties as apoptotic inducers through mitochindria-related pathways
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Two new series of betulin derivatives with semicarbazone (7a–g) or thiosemicarbazone (8a–g) groups at the C-28 position were synthesized. All compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicities in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2), human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7), human lung carcinoma cells (A549), human colorectal cells (HCT-116) and normal human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1). Among these compounds, 8f displayed the most potent cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 5.86 ± 0.61 μM against MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the preliminary mechanism studies in MCF-7 cells showed that compound 8f could trigger the intracellular mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway by losing MMP level, which was related with the upregulation of Bax, P53 and cytochrome c expression; the downregulation of Bcl-2 expression; activation of the expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9; and an increase in the amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species. These results indicated that compound 8f may be used as a valuable skeleton structure for developing novel antitumor agents.
- Bu, Ming,Han, Yinglong,Lin, Yu,Liu, Jicheng,Wang, Haijun,Wang, Jiafeng,Wang, Jing,Wu, Jiale,Zhang, Jie
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- TRITERPENE AMINE DERIVATIVES
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The present invention concerns novel pharmaceutically active triterpene amine derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, their use as medicaments, and the use of the compounds for the manufacture of specific medicaments. The present invention also concerns a method of treatment involving administration of the triterpene amine compounds. Specifically, the compounds are derivatives of betulinic acid having substitutions at one or more of the C-3, C-28 and C-19 positions as further described herein. The novel compounds are useful as antiretroviral agents. In particular, the novel compounds are useful for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1).
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- Development of an azanoradamantane-type nitroxyl radical catalyst for class-selective oxidation of alcohols
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The development of 1,5-dimethyl-9-azanoradamantane N-oxyl (DMN-AZADO; 1,5-dimethyl-Nor-AZADO, 2) as an efficient catalyst for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols in the presence of secondary alcohols is described. The compact and rigid structure of the azanoradamantane nucleus confers potent catalytic ability to DMN-AZADO (2). A variety of hindered primary alcohols such as neopentyl primary alcohols were efficiently oxidized by DMN-AZADO (2) to the corresponding aldehydes, whereas secondary alcohols remained intact. DMN-AZADO (2) also has high catalytic efficiency for one-pot oxidation from primary alcohols to the corresponding carboxylic acids in the presence of secondary alcohols and for oxidative lactonization from diols.
- Doi, Ryusuke,Shibuya, Masatoshi,Murayama, Tsukasa,Yamamoto, Yoshihiko,Iwabuchi, Yoshiharu
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supporting information
p. 401 - 413
(2016/10/12)
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- 9-azanoradamantane N—oxyl compound and method for producing same, and organic oxidation catalyst and method for oxidizing alcohols using 9-azanoradamantane N—oxyl compound
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An organocatalyst for oxidizing alcohols in which a primary alcohol is selectively oxidized in a polyol substrate having a plurality of alcohols under environmentally-friendly conditions. The organic oxidation catalyst has an oxygen atom bonded to a nitrogen atom of an azanoradamantane skeleton and at least one alkyl group at positions 1 and 5. The oxidation catalyst has higher activity than TEMPO, which is an existing oxidation catalyst, in the selective oxidation reaction of primary alcohols, and better selectivity than AZADO and 1-Me-AZADO. This DMN-AZADO can be applied to the selective oxidation reaction of primary alcohols that contributes to shortening the synthesizing process for pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical raw materials, agricultural chemicals, cosmetics, organic materials, and other such high value-added organic compounds.
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(2015/09/23)
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- METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF BETULINIC ACID
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The present invention relates to a method for preparation of betulinic acid from betulin. The method comprises oxidizing betulin to betulinic and/or betulonic aldehyde with a ruthenium based catalyst catalyzed oxidation process in the presence of an oxidant, and further converting the betulinic and/or betulonic aldehyde to betulinic acid.
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(2013/03/28)
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- METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF BETULINIC ACIDcla
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The invention relates a method for preparation of betulonic acid or betulinic acid from betulin wherein the method comprises a stage for oxidizing betulin to betulonic aldehyde and/or betulinic aldehyde with Pd(ll)-catalyst catalyzed oxidation process in the presence of dioxygen.
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(2013/03/28)
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- METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF BETULINIC ACID
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The present invention relates to a method for preparation of betulinic acid from betulin. The method comprises oxidizing betulin to betulinic acid with a catalyst of formula (5), e.g. 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1 - oxyl (TEMPO), in the presence of a hypervalent iodine reagent as oxidant.
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(2013/03/28)
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- Synthesis and biological evaluation of antitumor-active γ-butyrolactone substituted betulin derivatives
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The plant triterpenes betulin and betulinic acid (BA) are triterpenes featuring interesting pharmacological properties. Starting from substituted betulinic aldehydes, we used them as lead structures for the synthesis of several γ-butyrolactones and butenolides. Their antitumor activity was examined for 15 cancer cell lines using a SRB-assay and their apoptotic action was documented by trypan-blue test and DNA laddering. Several compounds revealed a higher activity than betulinic acid.
- Csuk, René,Barthel, Alexander,Schwarz, Stefan,Kommera, Harish,Paschke, Reinhard
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scheme or table
p. 2549 - 2558
(2010/06/16)
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- Betulin-derived compounds as inhibitors of alphavirus replication
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This paper describes inhibition of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replication by synthetic derivatives of naturally occurring triterpenoid betulin (1). Chemical modifications were made to OH groups at C-3 and C-28 and to the C-20-C-29 double bond. A set of heterocyclic betulin derivatives was also assayed. A free or acetylated OH group at C-3 was identified as an important structural contributor for anti-SFV activity, 3,28-di-O-acetylbetulin (4) being the most potent derivative (IC50 value 9.1 μM). Betulinic acid (13), 28-O-tetrahydropyranylbetulin (17), and a triazolidine derivative (41) were also shown to inhibit Sindbis virus, with IC50 values of 0.5, 1.9, and 6.1 μM, respectively. The latter three compounds also had significant synergistic effects against SFV when combined with 3′-amino-3′-deoxyadenosine. In contrast to previous work on other viruses, the antiviral activity of 13 was mapped to take place in virus replication phase. The efficacy was also shown to be independent of external guanosine supplementation.
- Pohjala, Leena,Alakurtti, Sami,Ahola, Tero,Yli-Kauhaluoma, Jari,Tammela, Paeivi
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1917 - 1926
(2010/04/29)
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- EXTENDED TRITERPENE DERIVATIVES
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The present invention concerns novel pharmaceutically active triterpene derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, their use as medicaments, and the use of the compounds for the manufacture of specific medicaments. The present invention also concerns a method of treatment involving administration of the compounds. Specifically, the compounds are derivatives of betulinic acid having substitutions at one or more of the C-3, C2-8 and C-19 positions as further described herein. The novel compounds are useful as antiretroviral agents. In particular, the novel compounds are useful for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
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- BETULIN DERIVED COMPOUNDS USEFUL AS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
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The invention relates to compouns derived from betulin, and to the use thereof as antibacterial agents in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.
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(2008/06/13)
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- SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF TRITERPENES EMPLOYING TEMPO
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The present invention provides a process of preparing betulin-28-aldehyde from betulin. The process includes contacting betulin with a compound of formula (I), e.g., TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl) for a period of time effective to provide betulin-28-aldehyde. The present invention also provides a process of preparing betulinic acid. The process includes contacting betulin with a composition that includes: sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); sodium chlorite (NaClO2), potassium chlorite (KClO2), or a combination thereof; and a compound of formula (I), e.g., TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl); for a period of time effective to provide betulinic acid.
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- Erythrocyte membrane modifying agents and the inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum growth: Structure-activity relationships for betulinic acid analogues
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The natural triterpene betulinic acid and its analogues (betulinic aldehyde, lupeol, betulin, methyl betulinate and betulinic acid amide) caused concentration-dependent alterations of erythrocyte membrane shape towards stomatocytes or echinocytes according to their hydrogen bonding properties. Thus, the analogues with a functional group having a capacity of donating a hydrogen bond (COOH, CH2OH, CONH2) caused formation of echinocytes, whereas those lacking this ability (CH3, CHO, COOCH 3) induced formation of stomatocytes. Both kinds of erythrocyte alterations were prohibitive with respect to Plasmodium falciparum invasion and growth; all compounds were inhibitory with IC50 values in the range 7-28 μM, and the growth inhibition correlated well with the extent of membrane curvature changes assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Erythrocytes pre-loaded with betulinic acid or its analogues and extensively washed in order to remove excess of the chemicals could not serve as hosts for P. falciparum parasites. Betulinic acid and congeners can be responsible for in vitro antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts, as shown for Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Labiatae) and Zizyphus vulgaris Lam. (Rhamnaceae). The activity is evidently due to the incorporation of the compounds into the lipid bilayer of erythrocytes, and may be caused by modifications of cholesterol-rich membrane rafts, recently shown to play an important role in parasite vacuolization. The established link between erythrocyte membrane modifications and antiplasmodial activity may provide a novel target for potential antimalarial drugs.
- Ziegler, Hanne L.,Franzyk, Henrik,Sairafianpour, Majid,Tabatabai, Mehrnoush,Tehrani, Mahboubeh D.,Bagherzadeh, Karim,Haegerstrand, Henry,Staerk, Dan,Jaroszewski, Jerzy W.
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p. 119 - 127
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of betulin derivatives and their protective effects against the cytotoxicity of cadmium
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The protecting effect of betulin against cadmium toxicity was investigated using 11 inds of analogues. It was elucidated by analyzing the analogue activities that both hydroxyl groups on C-3 and C-28 and the isopropenyl group on C-19 played important roles for expressing efficient activities. In addition, the cytotoxicity of betulin was also reduced by being functionalized using the above functional group. Copyright
- Hiroya, Kou,Takahashi, Taisuke,Miura, Nobuhiko,Naganuma, Akira,Sakamoto, Takao
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p. 3229 - 3236
(2007/10/03)
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- Differentiation- and apoptosis-inducing activities by pentacyclic triterpenes on a mouse melanoma cell line
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In a study to investigate the relationship between the chemical structure and the differentiation-inducing activity of pentacyclic triterpenes, several lupane, oleanane, and ursane triterpenes were prepared and their effects on B16 2F2 melanoma cell differentiation and growth were examined. Eleven lupane triterpenes used in this study acted on the melanoma cells as a melanogen, but no induction of melanogenesis of B16 2F2 cells by oleanane and ursane was detected. The differences at C-17 of the lupane series and acetylation of the OH group at C-3 did not markedly influence their activities. However, the ED50 value for up-regulation of melanin biosynthesis was markedly decreased by the oxidation of the OH group at C-3 of lupeol (1). Betulinic acid (11), its methyl ester (12), lup-28-al-20(29)-ene-3β-ol (9), and lup-28-al-20(29)-en-3-one (10) inhibited B16 2F2 cell proliferation by induction of apoptosis. These findings suggested that the carbonyl group at C-17 might be essential for the apoptotic effects of these compounds on B16 2F2 cells.
- Hata, Keishi,Hori, Kazuyuki,Takahashi, Saori
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p. 645 - 648
(2007/10/03)
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- Process for preparing natural product derivatives from plants in a single step
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A process is disclosed, for preparing a derivative of a targeted natural product from plants. The targeted natural product is extracted from the desired part of the plant and the targeted natural product is transformed into the desired derivative(s). Both the extraction and transformation are carried out in a single step consisting of macerating the desired part of the plant into a composition comprising an organic solvent and a reactive agent. This process is particularly useful for preparing derivatives of betulin or lupeol from bark of birch.
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