- DITERPENOID COMPOUNDS THAT ACT ON PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC)
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This present disclosure relates to protein kinase C (PKC) modulating compounds, methods of treating a subject with cancer using the compounds, and combination treatments with a second therapeutic agent.
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Paragraph 0565-0567
(2021/04/02)
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- Design, synthesis, and evaluation of dihydropyranopyrazole derivatives as novel pde2 inhibitors for the treatment of alzheimer’s disease
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Phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) has been regarded as a novel target for the treatment of Alz-heimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we obtained (R)‐LZ77 as a hit compound with moderate PDE2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 261.3 nM) using a high‐throughput virtual screening method based on molecular dynamics. Then, we designed and synthesized 28 dihydropyranopyrazole derivatives as PDE2 inhibitors. Among them, compound (+)‐11h was the most potent PDE2 inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 41.5 nM. The molecular docking of PDE2‐(+)‐11h reveals that the 4‐(trifluoromethyl)ben-zyl)oxyl side chain of the compound enters the H‐pocket and forms strong hydrophobic interactions with L770/L809/F862, which improves inhibitory activity. The above results may provide insight for further structural optimization of highly potent PDE2 inhibitors and may lay the foundation for their use in the treatment of AD.
- Huang, Ling,Huang, Yi-You,Huang, Yue,Li, Jinjian,Li, Zhe,Luo, Hai-Bin,Su, Rui,Wu, Yinuo,Yuan, Han,Zhang, Chen,Zhou, Yan
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- Access to Trisubstituted Fluoroalkenes by Ruthenium-Catalyzed Cross-Metathesis
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Although the olefin metathesis reaction is a well-known and powerful strategy to get alkenes, this reaction remained highly challenging with fluororalkenes, especially the Cross-Metathesis (CM) process. Our thought was to find an easy accessible, convenient, reactive and post-functionalizable source of fluoroalkene, that we found as the methyl 2-fluoroacrylate. We reported herein the efficient ruthenium-catalyzed CM reaction of various terminal and internal alkenes with methyl 2-fluoroacrylate giving access, for the first time, to trisubstituted fluoroalkenes stereoselectively. Unprecedent TON for CM involving fluoroalkene, up to 175, have been obtained and the reaction proved to be tolerant and effective with a large range of olefin partners giving fair to high yields in metathesis products. (Figure presented.).
- Nouaille, Augustin,Pannecoucke, Xavier,Poisson, Thomas,Couve-Bonnaire, Samuel
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supporting information
p. 2140 - 2147
(2021/03/06)
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- Synthesis and inhibitory studies of phosphonic acid analogues of homophenylalanine and phenylalanine towards alanyl aminopeptidases
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A library of novel phosphonic acid analogues of homophenylalanine and phenylalanine, containing fluorine and bromine atoms in the phenyl ring, have been synthesized. Their inhibitory properties against two important alanine aminopeptidases, of human (hAPN, CD13) and porcine (pAPN) origin, were evaluated. Enzymatic studies and comparison with literature data indicated the higher inhibitory potential of the homophenylalanine over phenylalanine derivatives towards both enzymes. Their inhibition constants were in the submicromolar range for hAPN and the micromolar range for pAPN, with 1-amino-3-(3-fluorophenyl) propylphosphonic acid (compound 15c) being one of the best low-molecular inhibitors of both enzymes. To the best of our knowledge, P1 homophenylalanine analogues are the most active inhibitors of the APN among phosphonic and phosphinic derivatives described in the literature. Therefore, they constitute interesting building blocks for the further design of chemically more complex inhibitors. Based on molecular modeling simulations and SAR (structure-activity relationship) analysis, the optimal architecture of enzyme-inhibitor complexes for hAPN and pAPN were determined.
- Wanat, Weronika,Talma, Micha?,Dziuk, B?a?ej,Kafarski, Pawe?
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- Iridium Complex-Catalyzed C2-Extension of Primary Alcohols with Ethanol via a Hydrogen Autotransfer Reaction
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The development of a C2-extension of primary alcohols with ethanol as the C2 source and catalysis by [Cp*IrCl2]2 (where Cp? = pentamethylcyclopentadiene) is described. This new extension system was used for a range of benzylic alcohol substrates and for aliphatic alcohols with ethanol as an alkyl reagent to generate the corresponding C2-extended linear alcohols. Mechanistic studies of the reaction by means of intermediates and deuterium labeling experiments suggest the reaction is based on hydrogen autotransfer.
- Kobayashi, Masaki,Itoh, Satoshi,Yoshimura, Keisuke,Tsukamoto, Yuya,Obora, Yasushi
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p. 11952 - 11958
(2020/10/23)
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- 4“-O-Alkylated α-Galactosylceramide Analogues as iNKT-Cell Antigens: Synthetic, Biological, and Structural Studies
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Invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT) are a glycolipid-responsive subset of T-lymphocytes that fulfill a pivotal role in the immune system. The archetypical synthetic glycolipid, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), whose molecular framework is inspired by
- Janssens, Jonas,Bitra, Aruna,Wang, Jing,Decruy, Tine,Venken, Koen,van der Eycken, Johan,Elewaut, Dirk,Zajonc, Dirk M.,van Calenbergh, Serge
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p. 147 - 168
(2019/01/04)
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- Chemical modification-mediated optimisation of bronchodilatory activity of mepenzolate, a muscarinic receptor antagonist with anti-inflammatory activity
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The treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) usually involves a combination of anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory drugs. We recently found that mepenzolate bromide (1) and its derivative, 3-(2-hydroxy-2, 2-diphenylacetoxy)-1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (5), have both anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory activities. We chemically modified 5 with a view to obtain derivatives with both anti-inflammatory and longer-lasting bronchodilatory activities. Among the synthesized compounds, (R)-(–)-12 ((R)-3-(2-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetoxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide) showed the highest affinity in vitro for the human muscarinic M3 receptor (hM3R). Compared to 1 and 5, (R)-(–)-12 exhibited longer-lasting bronchodilatory activity and equivalent anti-inflammatory effect in mice. The long-term intratracheal administration of (R)-(–)-12 suppressed porcine pancreatic elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice, whereas the same procedure with a long-acting muscarinic antagonist used clinically (tiotropium bromide) did not. These results suggest that (R)-(–)-12 might be therapeutically beneficial for use with COPD patients given the improved effects seen against both inflammatory pulmonary emphysema and airflow limitation in this animal model.
- Yamashita, Yasunobu,Tanaka, Ken-ichiro,Yamakawa,Asano,Kanda, Yuki,Takafuji,Kawahara, Masahiro,Takenaga, Mitsuko,Fukunishi, Yoshifumi,Mizushima
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supporting information
p. 3339 - 3346
(2019/06/18)
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- Practical Intermolecular Hydroarylation of Diverse Alkenes via Reductive Heck Coupling
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The hydroarylation of alkenes is an attractive approach to construct carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds from abundant and structurally diverse starting materials. Herein we report a palladium-catalyzed reductive Heck hydroarylation of aliphatic and heteroatom-substituted terminal alkenes and select internal alkenes with an array of (hetero)aryl iodides. The reaction is anti-Markovnikov selective with terminal alkenes and tolerates a wide variety of functional groups on both the alkene and (hetero)aryl coupling partners. Additionally, applications of this method to complex molecule diversifications are demonstrated. Mechanistic experiments are consistent with a mechanism in which the key alkylpalladium(II) intermediate is intercepted with formate and undergoes a decarboxylation/C-H reductive elimination cascade to afford the saturated product and turn over the cycle.
- Gurak, John A.,Engle, Keary M.
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p. 8987 - 8992
(2018/09/11)
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- Salt-Free Strategy for the Insertion of CO2 into C?H Bonds: Catalytic Hydroxymethylation of Alkynes
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A copper(I) catalyst enables the insertion of carbon dioxide into alkyne C?H bonds by using a suitable organic base with which hydrogenation of the resulting carboxylate salt with regeneration of the base becomes thermodynamically feasible. In the presence of catalytic copper(I) chloride/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, polymer-bound triphenylphosphine, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine as the base, terminal alkynes undergo carboxylation at 15 bar CO2 and room temperature. After filtration, the ammonium alkynecarboxylate can be hydrogenated to the primary alcohol and water at a rhodium/molybdenum catalyst, regenerating the amine base. This demonstrates the feasibility of a salt-free overall process, in which carbon dioxide serves as a C1 building block in a C?H functionalization.
- Wendling, Timo,Risto, Eugen,Krause, Thilo,Goo?en, Lukas J.
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supporting information
p. 6019 - 6024
(2018/03/27)
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- Inexpensive Ruthenium NNS-Complexes as Efficient Ester Hydrogenation Catalysts with High C=O vs. C=C Selectivities
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Ru(NNS)(PPh3)Cl2 (NNS=2-(methylthio)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methyl)ethan-1-amine) was employed in the hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated esters, reaching selectivities for the allylic alcohol up to 95% in the hydrogenation of iso-butylcinnamate. In addition, several ester substrates were hydrogenated with catalyst loadings as low as 0.05?mol%. Surprisingly, selectivity of the hydrogenation of the C=O vs the C=C bonds strongly depends on the solvent. (Figure presented.).
- Stadler, Bernhard M.,Puylaert, Pim,Diekamp, Justus,van Heck, Richard,Fan, Yuting,Spannenberg, Anke,Hinze, Sandra,de Vries, Johannes G.
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supporting information
p. 1151 - 1158
(2018/02/06)
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- Cobalt-catalyzed (Z)-selective semihydrogenation of alkynes with molecular hydrogen
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Cobalt-catalyzed highly (Z)-selective semihydrogenation of alkynes using molecular H2 was developed using commercially available and cheap cobalt precursors. A variety of (Z)-alkenes were obtained in moderate to excellent selectivities [(Z)-alkene/(E)-alkene/alkane ratio up to >99 : 1 : 1] and it was found that the readily available ethylenediamine ligand is crucial in determining the selectivity.
- Chen, Caiyou,Huang, Yi,Zhang, Zongpeng,Dong, Xiu-Qin,Zhang, Xumu
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p. 4612 - 4615
(2017/04/28)
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- SPHINGOSINE KINASE INHIBITOR AMIDOXIME PRODRUGS
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Sphingosine kinases are enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate. The invention provides prodrugs of compounds that are effective for inhibition of sphingosine kinase type 1, sphingosine kinase type 2, or both, according to formula (I) as described herein. Formula I compounds are useful in the treatment of a range of diseases wherein increasing the level of sphingosine-1-phosphate in blood is medically indicated. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions of Formula I compounds.
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Page/Page column 133
(2017/11/03)
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- Metal-Free Enantioselective Oxidative Arylation of Alkenes: Hypervalent-Iodine-Promoted Oxidative C?C Bond Formation
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The enantioselective oxyarylation of (E)-6-aryl-1-silyloxylhex-3-ene was achieved using a lactate-based chiral hypervalent iodine(III) reagent in the presence of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate. The silyl ether promotes the oxidative cyclization, and enhances the enantioselectivity. In addition, the corresponding aminoarylation was achieved.
- Shimogaki, Mio,Fujita, Morifumi,Sugimura, Takashi
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supporting information
p. 15797 - 15801
(2016/12/16)
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- SPHINGOSINE KINASE INHIBITORS
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Sphingosine kinases are enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate. The invention provides compounds that are effective for inhibition of sphingosine kinase type 1, sphingosine kinase type 2, or both. Certain compounds are selective for sphingosine kinase type 2 relative to sphingosine kinase type 1. Compounds of the invention can be used in treatment of a range of diseases wherein increasing the level of sphingosine-1-phosphate in blood is medically indicated. Diseases that can be treated by administration of an effective dose of a compound of the invention include a neoplastic disease that involves excess vascular growth; macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy; an allergic disease such as asthma, an inflammatory disease of the eye such as uveitis, scleritis, or vitritis; an inflammatory disease of the kidney; a fibrotic disease; atherosclerosis; or pulmonary arterial hypertension. A compound of the invention can be used to improve the integrity of a vascular barrier in a disease where the vascular barrier is disrupted, such as cancer or Alzheimer's disease.
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Page/Page column 105; 109; 122
(2016/04/26)
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- Stereoselective organocatalytic oxidation of alcohols to enals: A homologation method to prepare polyenes
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A novel method for organocatalytic oxidation through oxidative enamine catalysis was developed with excellent compatibility for the direct syntheses of enals from simple saturated alcohols. By using this amine-catalyzed IBX-oxidation, a wide range of aromatic and aliphatic substituted enals were successfully generated in high yields and exclusively stereoselective E-geometry. Moreover, varying the solvents and/or the loading amounts of IBX allowed for the selective oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes. Importantly, the homologous application of this method provided a selective and efficient way of preparing various highly sensitive conjugated polyene frameworks, which are enriched in natural products.
- Chen, Xiaobei,Zhang, Yinan,Wan, Huixin,Wang, Wei,Zhang, Shilei
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supporting information
p. 3532 - 3535
(2016/03/04)
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- Direct β-Selective Cross-Coupling of Alkenyl Gold Complexes with Alkyl Electrophiles
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Alkenyl gold complexes are common intermediates in gold-catalyzed transformations of allenes and alkynes, and numerous methods for their functionalization have been explored. Particularly valuable are cross-coupling reactions, which result in the formation of a new C–C bond. Several strategies are known that enable α-selective cross-coupling of alkenyl gold complexes with aryl, allyl, or acyl coupling partners. We describe the direct β-selective cross-coupling of alkenyl gold complexes with simple alkyl electrophiles. We also describe the effects of the steric and electronic properties of alkenyl gold complexes on the selectivity of the cross-coupling reaction.
- Nguyen, Julia,Duncan, Nicole,Lalic, Gojko
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supporting information
p. 5803 - 5806
(2016/12/18)
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- Electron transfer reduction of carboxylic acids using SmI 2-H2O-Et3N
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The first general method for efficient electron transfer reduction of carboxylic acids has been developed. The protocol using SmI2 - H 2O - Et3N allows for reduction of a variety of carboxylic acids in excellent yields and provides an attractive alternative to processes mediated by reactive alkali metals, lithium aluminum hydride, and boron hydrides. Of broader significance, the method allows acyl radical equivalents to be generated from carboxylic acids under mild reaction conditions.
- Szostak, Michal,Spain, Malcolm,Procter, David J.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 840 - 843
(2012/04/11)
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- PYRAZOLO-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE DERIVATIVES AS OREXIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
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The invention relates to novel pyrazolo-tetrahydropyridines compounds and their use as orexin receptor antagonists.
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Page/Page column 20-21
(2011/02/18)
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- TETRAZOLE COMPOUNDS AS OREXIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
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The invention relates to tetrazole compounds of formula (I) wherein X, Y, Z, R1, R2 and R3 are as described in the description; to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and to the use of such compounds use as medicaments, especially as orexin receptor antagonists.
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Page/Page column 24
(2011/04/25)
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- 5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDRO-IMIDAZO[1,5-A]PYRAZINE COMPOUNDS
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The invention relates to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine derivatives of formula (I) wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are as described n the description, to salts, especially pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and to the use of such compounds as medicaments; especially as orexin receptor antagonists.
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Page/Page column 19
(2011/05/08)
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- AMINE COMPOUND AND PHARMACEUTICAL USE THEREOF
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Provided is a novel amine compound represented by the following formula (I) having a superior peripheral blood lymphocyte decreasing action and superior in the immunosuppressive action, rejection suppressive action and the like, which shows decreased side effects of, for example, bradycardia and the like, or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof, or a hydrate thereof, or a solvate thereof. wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification.
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Page/Page column 47
(2010/04/25)
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- SYNTHESIS AND UTILIZATION OF SMALL MOLECULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH INTERLEUKIN-1 SIGNALING
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The invention describes synthetic compounds, methods of preparation and their uses thereof an anti-inflammatory compounds that reduce inflammation associated with interleukin-1signaling.
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Page/Page column 11-12; 2/2
(2010/04/03)
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- PYRAZOLO-TETRAHYDRO PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES AS OREXIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
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The invention relates to novel pyrazolo-tetrahydropyridines compounds and their use as orexin receptor antagonists.
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Page/Page column 10; 17
(2009/04/24)
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- TETRAZOLE COMPOUNDS AS OREXIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
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The invention relates to tetrazole compounds of formula (I) wherein X, Y, Z, R1, R2 and R3 are as described in the description; to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and to the use of such compounds use as medicaments, especially as orexin receptor antagonists.
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Page/Page column 57
(2010/01/07)
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- 5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDRO-IMIDAZO[1,5-A]PYRAZINE COMPOUNDS
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The invention relates to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-imidazo[1,5- a]pyrazine derivatives of formula (I) wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are as described n the description, to salts, especially pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and to the use of such compounds as medicaments; especially as orexin receptor antagonists.
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Page/Page column 42
(2010/01/30)
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- 5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDRO-IMIDAZO[1,5-A]PYRAZINE DERIVATIVES
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The invention relates to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine derivatives of formula (I),wherein X represents CH2 or O; R1 represents a phenyl group, which group is independently mono-, di-, or tri-substituted wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-4)alkyl, (C1-4)alkoxy, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethoxy and trifluoromethyl; R2 represents (C1-4)alkyl, (C1-4)alkoxy, (C2-4)alkenyl, halogen, cyano, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, C(O)NR5R6 or cyclopropyl; R3 represents (C1-4)alkyl, (C1-4)alkoxy-methyl or halogen; R4 represents (C1-4)alkyl; R5 represents hydrogen or (C1-4)alkyl; and R6 represents hydrogen or (C1-4)alkyl. The invention also relates to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such compounds; and to the use of such compounds as medicaments; especially as orexin receptor antagonists.
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Page/Page column 47
(2008/12/06)
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- Enantioselective C-H amination using cationic ruthenium(II)-pybox catalysts
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The whole pybox and dice: Highly enantioselective amination reactions of both allylic and benzylic C-H bonds are catalyzed by cationic ruthenium(II)-pybox complexes (see structure). A novel mode of stereocontrol, which is induced by the versatile pybox ligand, is proposed to account for the excellent enantioselectivity in these reactions. Boc = tert-butoxycarbonyl, pybox = pyridine bisoxazoline. (Chemical Equation Presented)
- Milczek, Erika,Boudet, Nadege,Blakey, Simon
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 6825 - 6828
(2009/04/06)
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- Synthesis of N-glyoxyl prolyl and pipecolyl amides and thioesters and evaluation of their in vitro and in vivo nerve regenerative effects
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The recent discovery that small molecule ligands for the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) FKBP12 possess powerful neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties in vitro and in vivo suggests therapeutic utility for such compounds in neurodegenerative disease. The neurotrophic effects of these compounds are independent of the immunosuppressive pathways by which drugs such as FK506 and rapamycin operate. Previous work by ourselves and other groups exploring the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of small molecules that mimic only the FKBP binding domain portion of FK506 has focused on esters of proline and pipecolic acid. We have explored amide and thioester analogues of these earlier structures and found that they too are extremely potent in promoting recovery of lesioned dopaminergic pathways in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Several compounds were shown to be highly effective upon oral administration after lesioning of the dopaminergic pathway, providing further evidence of the potential clinical utility of a variety of structural classes of FKBP12 ligands.
- Hamilton, Gregory S.,Wu, Yong-Qian,Limburg, David C.,Wilkinson, Douglas E.,Vaal, Mark J.,Li, Jia-He,Thomas, Christine,Huang, Wei,Sauer, Hansjorg,Ross, Douglas T.,Soni, Raj,Chen, Yi,Guo, Hongshi,Howorth, Pamela,Valentine, Heather,Liang, Shi,Spicer, Dawn,Fuller, Mike,Steiner, Joseph P.
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p. 3549 - 3557
(2007/10/03)
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- LEWIS X DERIVATIVE AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
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A novel oligosaccharide derivative having a cell adhesion inhibitory activity and represented by structural formula (I).
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