- Continuous flow synthesis of α-halo ketones: Essential building blocks of antiretroviral agents
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The development of a continuous flow process for the multistep synthesis of α-halo ketones starting from N-protected amino acids is described. The obtained α-halo ketones are chiral building blocks for the synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors, such as atazanavir and darunavir. The synthesis starts with the formation of a mixed anhydride in a first tubular reactor. The anhydride is subsequently combined with anhydrous diazomethane in a tube-in-tube reactor. The tube-in-tube reactor consists of an inner tube, made from a gas-permeable, hydrophobic material, enclosed in a thick-walled, impermeable outer tube. Diazomethane is generated in the inner tube in an aqueous medium, and anhydrous diazomethane subsequently diffuses through the permeable membrane into the outer chamber. The α-diazo ketone is produced from the mixed anhydride and diazomethane in the outer chamber, and the resulting diazo ketone is finally converted to the halo ketone with anhydrous ethereal hydrogen halide. This method eliminates the need to store, transport, or handle diazomethane and produces α-halo ketone building blocks in a multistep system without racemization in excellent yields. A fully continuous process allowed the synthesis of 1.84 g of α-chloro ketone from the respective N-protected amino acid within ～4.5 h (87% yield).
- Pinho, Vagner D.,Gutmann, Bernhard,Miranda, Leandro S. M.,De Souza, Rodrigo O. M. A.,Kappe, C. Oliver
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supporting information
p. 1555 - 1562
(2014/03/21)
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- Synthesis and anti-Candida activity of novel 2-hydrazino-1,3-thiazole derivatives
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Eighteen new hydrazino-1,3-thiazole derivatives were evaluated against 8 strains of multi-resistant Candida spp. Introduction of an indolyl moiety linked to the hydrazone function enhanced the in vitro anti-Candida activity, with an activity spectrum towards Candida albicans strains. Introduction of a (S)-2-aminoethyl chain on the thiazole nucleus largely enhanced the in vitro antifungal activity, with a selectivity oriented towards non-C. albicans species.
- Maillard, Ludovic T.,Bertout, Sébastien,Quinonéro, Ophélie,Akalin, Gül?en,Turan-Zitouni, Gülhan,Fulcrand, Pierre,Demirci, Fatih,Martinez, Jean,Masurier, Nicolas
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p. 1803 - 1807
(2013/04/10)
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- Design, biologic evaluation, and SAR of novel pseudo-peptide incorporating benzheterocycles as HIV-1 protease inhibitors
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A series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors based on the (hydroxyethylamino)-sulfonamide isostere incorporating substituted phenyls and benzheterocycle derivatives bearing rich hydrogen bonding acceptors as P 2 ligands were synthesized. Prolonged chain linking the benzhereocycle to the carbonyl group resulted in partial loss of binding affinities. Introduction of a small alkyl substituent with appropriate size to the -CH2- of P1-P2 linkage as a side chain resulted in improved inhibitory potency, and in this study, isopropyl was the best side chain. Replacement of the isobutyl substituent at P 1′group with phenyl substituent decreased the inhibitory potency. One of the most potent inhibitor, compound 23 showing high affinity to HIV-1 protease with an IC50 value of 5 nm, also exhibited good anti-SIV activity (EC50 = 0.8 μm) with low toxicity (TC 50 > 100 μm). The flexible docking of inhibitor 23 to HIV-1 protease active site rationalized the interactions with protease.
- He, Meizi,Zhang, Hang,Yao, Xiaojian,Eckart, Michael,Zuo, Elizabeth,Yang, Ming
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scheme or table
p. 174 - 180
(2011/03/20)
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- Expanding the scope of PNA-encoded libraries: divergent synthesis of libraries targeting cysteine, serine and metallo-proteases as well as tyrosine phosphatases
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Seven PNA-encoded combinatorial libraries targeting proteases and phosphatases with covalent reversible and irreversible mechanism-based inhibitors were prepared. The libraries were synthesized using modified PNA monomers, which dramatically increase the water solubility of the libraries in biologically relevant buffers. The libraries were shown to selectively inhibit targeted enzymes.
- Debaene, Fran?ois,Da Silva, Julien A.,Pianowski, Zbigniew,Duran, Fernando J.,Winssinger, Nicolas
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p. 6577 - 6586
(2008/02/05)
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- New approaches to the industrial synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors
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Efficient and industrially applicable synthetic processes for precursors of HIV protease inhibitors (Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir) are described. These involve a novel and economical method for the preparation of a key intermediate, (3S)-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, from L-malic acid. Three new approaches to the assembly of Amprenavir are also discussed. Of these, a synthetic route in which an (S)-tetrahydrofuranyloxy carbonyl is attached to L-phenylalanine appears to be the most promising manufacturing process, in that it offers satisfactory stereoselectivity in fewer steps.
- Honda, Yutaka,Katayama, Satoshi,Kojima, Mitsuhiko,Suzuki, Takayuki,Kishibata, Naomi,Izawa, Kunisuke
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p. 2061 - 2070
(2007/10/03)
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- Process for producing alpha-aminoketones
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An amino group of an α-amino acid ester is protected as an imine, and it is then reacted with a halomethyllithium to obtain an N-protected-α-aminohalomethylketone. Further, this N-protected-α-aminohalomethylketone is treated with an acid to obtain an α-aminohalomethylketone. This process is suited for industrial production, and can produce an α-aminohalomethylketone and its related compounds economically and efficiently.
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- Process for producing alpha-aminoketones
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A process for producing α-aminohalomethyl ketones or N-protected α-aminohalomethyl ketones from specified 3-oxazolidin-5-one derivatives via 5-halomethyl-5-hydroxy-3-oxazolidine derivatives. By this process, α-aminohalomethyl ketones and compounds relating to them can be obtained efficiently and economically in industrial scale.
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- Synthesis of optically active α-aminoalkyl α′-halomethyl ketone: A cross-claisen condensation approach
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(Equation presented) A simple and versatile method was developed for the synthesis of α-aminoalkyl α′-halomethyl ketone derivatives, which are useful intermediates of protease inhibitors. It involves selective halogenation of the α-position on a β-ketoester, which is prepared by cross-Claisen condensation using N-protected amino acid ester. The title compound is obtained in high yield after decarboxylation of the α-halo-β-ketoester.
- Honda, Yutaka,Katayama, Satoshi,Kojima, Mitsuhiko,Suzuki, Takayuki,Izawa, Kunisuke
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p. 447 - 449
(2007/10/03)
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- Practical synthesis of α-aminoalkyl-α′-chloromethylketone derivatives. Part 2: Chloromethylation of N-imine-protected amino acid esters
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Chloromethylation of N-imine-protected amino acid esters followed by acid hydrolysis gave α-aminoalkyl-α′-chloromethylketone as a HCl salt form in good yield without racemization. The amino group was conveniently protected with carbamate protecting reagents to give various useful intermediates for the protease inhibitors.
- Onishi, Tomoyuki,Nakano, Takashi,Hirose, Naoko,Nakazawa, Masakazu,Izawa, Kunisuke
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p. 5887 - 5890
(2007/10/03)
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- Practical synthesis of α-aminoalkyl-α′-chloromethylketone derivatives. Part 1: Chloromethylation of N-protected 3-oxazolidin-5-ones
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Reaction of N-protected 3-oxazolidin-5-ones with in situ-generated chloromethyllithium afforded N-protected 5-chloromethyl-5-hydroxy-3-oxazolidines without racemization. They were easily hydrolyzed to give α-aminoalkyl-α′-chloromethylketone derivatives, which are useful intermediates for several protease inhibitors.
- Onishi, Tomoyuki,Hirose, Naoko,Nakano, Takashi,Nakazawa, Masakazu,Izawa, Kunisuke
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p. 5883 - 5885
(2007/10/03)
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- Process for the reduction of carbonyl compounds
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PCT No. PCT/JP97/00189 Sec. 371 Date Dec. 29, 1997 Sec. 102(e) Date Dec. 29, 1997 PCT Filed Jan. 29, 1997 PCT Pub. No. WO97/28105 PCT Pub. Date Aug. 7, 1997The present invention provides a process for reducing carbonyl compounds to hydroxy compounds, in particular stereoselectively reducing alpha -aminohaloketone derivatives, under mild conditions in an easy and simple manner, which comprises reacting a carbonyl compound of the general formula (1) with an organoaluminum compound of the general formula (4) to provide the corresponding alcohol compound of the general formula (5).
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- Development of a new type of protease inhibitors, efficacious against FIV and HIV variants
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Based on the structural analysis of FIV protease and drug-resistant HIV proteases and molecular modeling, a new type of inhibitors with a small P3 residue has been developed. These inhibitors are effective against HIV and its drug-resistant mutants, as well as SIV and FIV. Modification of existing HIV protease inhibitors by reducing the size of the P3 residue has the same effect. This finding provides a new strategy for the development of HIV protease inhibitors effective against the wild-type and drug-resistant mutants. It further supports the use of FIV protease as a useful model for drug-resistant HIV proteases, which often have a more constricted binding region for the P3 group or the combined P3 and P1 groups.
- Lee, Taekyu,Le, Van-Duc,Lim, Dongyeol,Lin, Ying-Chuan,Morris, Garrett M.,Wong, Andrew L.,Olson, Arthur J.,Elder, John H.,Wong, Chi-Huey
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p. 1145 - 1155
(2007/10/03)
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- Process for producing 3-amino-2-oxo-1-halogenopropane derivatives
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Compounds formed by reacting a protected amino acid with an alkali metal enolate of an alkyl acetate are reacted with a halogenating agent for halogenation of the 2-position, or a protected amino acid is reacted with an alkali metal enolate of an alkyl halogenoacetate, to form a 4-amino-3-oxo-2-halogenobutanoic acid ester derivative, and hydrolysis and decarboxylation are conducted to produce a 3-amino-2-oxo-1-halogenopropane derivative or its salt. The present method is a useful process for producing a 3-amino-2-oxo-1-halogenopropane derivatives which can easily be converted to a 3-amino-1,2-epoxypropane.
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- Synthesis and activity of HIV protease inhibitors
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We report here the synthesis and activity of HIV protease inhibitors. In the first stage hydrophobic compounds incorporating a 'carba' bond surrogate or a beta-homologated residue were synthesized. Secondly, we synthesized cyclic compounds in which we incorporated 2-quinoline carboxylic acid in the P3 position and the amino-hydroxyindane moiety in the P'3. The last part of this work was dedicated to a structure/activity study of a peptide substrate. These modifications allowed us to work up the synthesis of new pseudopeptide bonds: amino-amide and hydroxy-amide. Compounds with activity in the micromolar range were actually a starting point for the synthesis of new protease inhibitors.
- Garrouste, Patrick,Pawlowski, Macek,Tonnaire, Thierry,Sicsic, Sames,Dumy, Pascal,De Rosny, Eve,Reboud-Ravaux, Michele,Fulcrand, Pierre,Martinez, Jean
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p. 423 - 436
(2007/10/03)
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- A practical method for the preparation of α'-chloroketones of N-carbanaate protected-α-aminoacids
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A practical method for the preparation of α-N-BOC-epoxides from protected amino acid esters based on the Kowalski homologation reaction is described. This procedure can be readily performed on a large scale without the use of hazardous reagents and has allowed preparation of epoxides 3 in multi-kilogram quantities.
- Chen, Ping,Cheng, Peter T. W.,Spergel, Steven H.,Zahler, Robert,Wang, Xuebao,Thottathil, John,Barrish, Joel C.,Polniaszek, Richard P.
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p. 3175 - 3178
(2007/10/03)
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- Trifluoromethyl-containing pseudopeptides active against retroviruses
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The present invention relates to new trifluoromethyl-containing pseudopeptides of the general formula (I) STR1 in which W, A, B, D, E, R 1, R 2 and R 3 have the meaning as outlined of their making and use as pharmaceuticals.
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- A Practical Synthesis of an HIV Protease Inhibitor Intermediate - Diastreoselective Epoxide Formation from Chiral α-Aminoaldehydes
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A practical and efficient synthesis of an HIV protease inhibitor intermediate has been developed based on the diastereoselective epoxide formation from a chiral α-aminoaldehyde and an in situ generated halomethyllithium reagent.
- Ng, John S.,Przybyla, Claire A.,Liu, Chin,Yen, Joe C.,Muellner, Frank W.,Weyker, Cara L.
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p. 6397 - 6410
(2007/10/02)
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- Stereocontrolled synthesis of erythro N-protected α-amino epoxides and peptidyl epoxides
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N-protected α-amino epoxides of erythro configuration, derived from α-amino acids, were synthesized in a stereoselective manner. The erythro (2S,3S), configuration was achieved by the synthetic sequence: amino acid -> haloketone -> halohydrin -> epoxide. A mechanistic explanation for the observed stereoselectivity is presented. This stereoselective synthetic approach was applied to the synthesis of a variety of short peptidyl epoxides, bearing a predefined absolute configuration of the chiral epoxide moiety.
- Albeck, Amnon,Persky, Rachel
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p. 6333 - 6346
(2007/10/02)
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- Aminodiol HIV Protease Inhibitors. 1. Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary SAR
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A series of HIV protease inhibitors containing a novel C2 symmetrical "aminodiol" core structure were prepared from amino acid starting materials.The ability of the aminodiols to inhibit HIV replication in cell culture is comparable to their ability to inhibit the isolated enzyme, a result compatible with good cell membrane penetration by this class of compounds.Optimization of the structure-activity in this series led to aminodiol 9a (Ki = 100 nM; ED50(HIV-1) = 80 nM) containing P1/P1' benzyl and P2/P2' Boc substituents.Compound 9a is a selective inhibito r of HIV protease versus other aspartyl proteases such as human renin, human cathepsin D, and porcine pepsin.In addition, 9a is equipotent against HIV-1 and HIV-2 in cell culture and demonstrates similar activity in infected T-lymphocytes and PBMCs.After iv and oral administration in rats, 9a displayed significant oral bioavailability (ca. 40percent) and a promising plasma elimination half-life (4 h).
- Barrish, Joel C.,Gordon, Eric,Alam, Masud,Lin, Pin-Fang,Bisacchi, Gregory S.,et al.
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p. 1758 - 1768
(2007/10/02)
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- α-Amino Ketones - A Contribution to the Synthesis of Optically Active Derivatives of Amino Acids and Peptides
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The synthesis of N-Z-protected methyl ketones from amino acids via the chloromethyl ketones and dehalogenation of the latter with zinc in glacial acetic acid is described.Deprotection of the methyl ketones results in the formation of hydrohalogenides of the α-aminoalkyl methyl ketones further converted to N-acylated peptide ketones as analogs of peptide hormones or as competitively acting substrate analogs of proteolytic enzymes.Aminoacetone is conveniently prepared as well as methyl-pyrrolidyl ketone and methyl-piperidyl ketone.
- Fittkau, Siegfried,Jahreis, Guenther,Peters, Klaus,Balaspiri, Lajos
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p. 529 - 538
(2007/10/02)
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