26049-94-5Relevant articles and documents
Continuous flow synthesis of α-halo ketones: Essential building blocks of antiretroviral agents
Pinho, Vagner D.,Gutmann, Bernhard,Miranda, Leandro S. M.,De Souza, Rodrigo O. M. A.,Kappe, C. Oliver
, p. 1555 - 1562 (2014/03/21)
The development of a continuous flow process for the multistep synthesis of α-halo ketones starting from N-protected amino acids is described. The obtained α-halo ketones are chiral building blocks for the synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors, such as atazanavir and darunavir. The synthesis starts with the formation of a mixed anhydride in a first tubular reactor. The anhydride is subsequently combined with anhydrous diazomethane in a tube-in-tube reactor. The tube-in-tube reactor consists of an inner tube, made from a gas-permeable, hydrophobic material, enclosed in a thick-walled, impermeable outer tube. Diazomethane is generated in the inner tube in an aqueous medium, and anhydrous diazomethane subsequently diffuses through the permeable membrane into the outer chamber. The α-diazo ketone is produced from the mixed anhydride and diazomethane in the outer chamber, and the resulting diazo ketone is finally converted to the halo ketone with anhydrous ethereal hydrogen halide. This method eliminates the need to store, transport, or handle diazomethane and produces α-halo ketone building blocks in a multistep system without racemization in excellent yields. A fully continuous process allowed the synthesis of 1.84 g of α-chloro ketone from the respective N-protected amino acid within ～4.5 h (87% yield).
Design, biologic evaluation, and SAR of novel pseudo-peptide incorporating benzheterocycles as HIV-1 protease inhibitors
He, Meizi,Zhang, Hang,Yao, Xiaojian,Eckart, Michael,Zuo, Elizabeth,Yang, Ming
, p. 174 - 180 (2011/03/20)
A series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors based on the (hydroxyethylamino)-sulfonamide isostere incorporating substituted phenyls and benzheterocycle derivatives bearing rich hydrogen bonding acceptors as P 2 ligands were synthesized. Prolonged chain linking the benzhereocycle to the carbonyl group resulted in partial loss of binding affinities. Introduction of a small alkyl substituent with appropriate size to the -CH2- of P1-P2 linkage as a side chain resulted in improved inhibitory potency, and in this study, isopropyl was the best side chain. Replacement of the isobutyl substituent at P 1′group with phenyl substituent decreased the inhibitory potency. One of the most potent inhibitor, compound 23 showing high affinity to HIV-1 protease with an IC50 value of 5 nm, also exhibited good anti-SIV activity (EC50 = 0.8 μm) with low toxicity (TC 50 > 100 μm). The flexible docking of inhibitor 23 to HIV-1 protease active site rationalized the interactions with protease.
New approaches to the industrial synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors
Honda, Yutaka,Katayama, Satoshi,Kojima, Mitsuhiko,Suzuki, Takayuki,Kishibata, Naomi,Izawa, Kunisuke
, p. 2061 - 2070 (2007/10/03)
Efficient and industrially applicable synthetic processes for precursors of HIV protease inhibitors (Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir) are described. These involve a novel and economical method for the preparation of a key intermediate, (3S)-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, from L-malic acid. Three new approaches to the assembly of Amprenavir are also discussed. Of these, a synthetic route in which an (S)-tetrahydrofuranyloxy carbonyl is attached to L-phenylalanine appears to be the most promising manufacturing process, in that it offers satisfactory stereoselectivity in fewer steps.
