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Industrial R&D on Catalytic C C and C N Coupling Reactions
REVIEWS
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but only 1 carbonylation.To our knowledge, there is
detailed information on only one C N coupling reac-
ꢀ
tion but there is every indication that this versatile
reaction will be applied more frequently soon.In-
deed, Bayer Chemicals AG has recently developed
the Buchwald technology to technical maturity but
little detailed information is available yet.[37] Besides
these reaction types, Grignard (1) and Sonogashira
(1) couplings were also applied.
[10] U.Siegrist, T.Rapold, H-.U.Blaser,
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– Catalyst separation is an important issue for most Pd-
catalyzed reactions.Adsorption of Pd on active car-
bon or celite is the method applied most often, some-
times in combination with distillation or crystalliza-
tion.Another successful method is complexation of
the Pd with cyanide or S-containing ligands in a
two-phase mixture and extraction of the product.
– As a general conclusion one can state that the consid-
erable R&D carried out both in industrial and aca-
demic laboratories has paid off quite nicely and that
[14] a) A.Schnyder, A.F.Indolese, M.Studer, H-.U.Blaser,
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3668; b) U.Nettekoven,
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publication.
Synlett accepted for
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results.
[16] W.A.Herrmann, C.Brossmer, K.Öfele, C-.P.Reisinger,
T.Priermeier, M.Beller, H.Fischer, Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. 1995, 34, 1844.
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Pd (and also Ni and Cu) catalyzed C C and C N cou-
pling reactions are well behaved and scalable meth-
odologies for the manufacture of complex molecules.
Acknowledgements
[17] A.H.M.de Vries, J.M.C.A.Mulders, J.H.M.Momm-
ers, H.J.W.Henderickx, J.G.de Vries,
Org. Lett. 2003,
We thank Matthias Beller and Hans de Vries for a critical read-
ing of the manuscript and for providing information and Benoit
Pugin for valuable discussions.
5, 3285.
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[19] K.Kikukawa, T.Matsuda, Chem. Lett. 1977, 159; K.Ki-
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asc.wiley-vch.de
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