24345-16-2 Usage
Description
Apamin is a small, highly potent, and strongly basic polypeptide that is a component of bee venom. It is composed of 18 amino acid residues and features two disulphide bonds. Apamin is derived from the venom of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, and has a molecular weight of 2027.38.
Uses
Used in Electrophysiological Studies:
Apamin is used as a selective inhibitor of small conductance (SKCa) channels in HEK cells, which are commonly utilized in cell biology research. This application aids in understanding the role of these channels in cellular processes.
Used in Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor (EDHF) Research:
Apamin serves as an inhibitor for EDHF-mediated responses, which are essential in the study of vascular function and the regulation of blood flow in the cardiovascular system.
Used in Neurophysiological Research:
In the field of neurophysiology, Apamin is used to block small-conductance Ca2-activated K current (ISK) in electrophysiological studies, specifically in hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis (HVc) neurons. This application helps researchers investigate the role of ISK in neuronal function and communication.
Hazard
Central nervous system poison able to cross the blood–brain barrier; neurotoxic; poison.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Apamin is a neurotoxin which can pass the blood-brain barrier. In human, it might cause peripheral nerve dysfunction, mainly seen after bee stings.
Safety Profile
Poison by intravenous, parenteral,intracerebral, and intraperitoneal routes. When heated todecomposition it emits toxic fumes of SOx and NOx.
Enzyme inhibitor
This bee venom octadecapeptide toxin (FW = 2027.34 g/mol; CAS 24345- 16-2; NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_001011612.1) potently blocks the small-conductance Ca 2+ -activated potassium ion (or SK) channels hSK1 as well as rSK2, with IC50 values of 3.3 nM and 83 pM. It shows greater effectiveness at the SK2 channel (IC50 = 0.06-0.4 nM) than SK1 (IC50 = 1- 12 nM). SK3 (IC50 = 1-13 nM), and SK4 (IC50 = 1 μM) channels, and is active against channels within neurons, vascular endothelium, bladder smooth muscle, and certain cancers. Apamin does not inhibit human cardiac Na + current, L-type Ca 2+ current or other major K+ currents. Structurally, apamin forms a stable structure, consisting of a C-terminal a- helix and two reverse turns, that is stabilized by two disulfide bonds connecting Cys-1 to Cys-11 and Cys-3 to Cys-15. A minor constituent of venom of the bee (Apis mellifera), apamin amounts to only 2-3% (w/w) of its dry venom. The smallest known neurotoxic polypeptide, apamin is derived by proteolytic processing of the 48-residue pre-pro-protein. The precursors of the bee venom constituents apamin and MCD peptide are encoded by two genes in tandem which share the same 3'-exon.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 24345-16-2 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 2,4,3,4 and 5 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 1 and 6 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 24345-16:
(7*2)+(6*4)+(5*3)+(4*4)+(3*5)+(2*1)+(1*6)=92
92 % 10 = 2
So 24345-16-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C79H131N31O24S4/c1-35(2)26-49-70(127)107-51-31-136-135-30-41(81)63(120)105-50(28-57(84)114)71(128)108-53(73(130)99-42(12-7-8-22-80)64(121)96-38(5)77(134)110-25-11-15-54(110)75(132)102-47(18-21-58(115)116)69(126)109-59(39(6)111)76(133)95-37(4)62(119)104-49)33-138-137-32-52(106-66(123)44(14-10-24-92-79(88)89)98-65(122)43(13-9-23-91-78(86)87)97-61(118)36(3)94-72(51)129)74(131)101-45(16-19-55(82)112)67(124)100-46(17-20-56(83)113)68(125)103-48(60(85)117)27-40-29-90-34-93-40/h29,34-39,41-54,59,111H,7-28,30-33,80-81H2,1-6H3,(H2,82,112)(H2,83,113)(H2,84,114)(H2,85,117)(H,90,93)(H,94,129)(H,95,133)(H,96,121)(H,97,118)(H,98,122)(H,99,130)(H,100,124)(H,101,131)(H,102,132)(H,103,125)(H,104,119)(H,105,120)(H,106,123)(H,107,127)(H,108,128)(H,109,126)(H,115,116)(H4,86,87,91)(H4,88,89,92)/t36?,37-,38-,39+,41-,42-,43-,44?,45-,46-,47-,48-,49-,50-,51-,52-,53-,54-,59?/m0/s1
