304-55-2 Usage
Description
Succimer, also known as meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, is a sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that serves as an oral chelator for lead and other heavy metals. It is a white or off-white powder and is commercially available under the brand name Chemet (Ovation). Succimer does not bind to iron, calcium, or magnesium, but preferentially binds to lead, mercury, and arsenic over copper or zinc. The metal-bound succimer is then excreted in the urine, making it an effective treatment for lead poisoning in children and potentially adults.
Uses
Used in Chelating Applications:
Succimer is used as a chelating agent for the treatment of lead poisoning in children. It effectively binds to and removes lead from the body, reducing its toxic effects.
Used in Treatment of Heavy Metal Poisoning:
Succimer is used as a chelating agent for the treatment of poisoning caused by heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic, in addition to lead.
Used in Medical Industry:
Succimer is used as an antihypertensive agent, helping to lower blood pressure in patients.
Used in Chemical Analysis:
Succimer is used as a chelating agent and masking agent for cadmium in EDTA titration of zinc, which is an important analytical technique for determining the concentration of zinc in various samples.
Used in Water Treatment:
Succimer is used as a water-soluble chelating agent, which can help to remove heavy metals from water supplies, making it safer for consumption and use.
Originator
Johnson and Johnson (J&J) (U.S.A.)
Preparation
Isolate
the solid complexes of trivalent lanthanide complexes with
meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid, furan-2-carboxylic acid,
meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and sarcosine from the mixture of
equimolar solutions of metal nitrates and ligands. Adjust the pH of the
mixture to 7 by adding dilute solution of KOH. Reflux the mixture in
ethanol (15-20 ml) for 3-4 hours on a steam bath. The clear solution
gives a solid mass on cooling, filter through G4 glass crucible and wash
several times with the mixture of doubly distilled water and alcohol.
Recrystallise it to obtain pure crystal and dry at 60 ° -70 °C [1].
Pharmaceutical Applications
Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is a modification of BAL containing two thiol groups, which are responsible for the unpleasant
smell, and two carboxylic acid groups. DMSA is also known under the name Succimer. It chemical name
is meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and the chemical formula is HO2CCH(SH)CH(SH)CO2H. There are
two diastereomeric forms, meso and the chiral DL forms, with the meso isomer being used as chelating agent.
DMSA was developed in the 1960s and replaced BAL and edetate in some countries for the treatment
of lead, arsenic and mercury poisoning. Furthermore, the dimethylester modification of DMSA has been
successfully used for the treatment of heavy-metal poisoning.
Pharmaceutical Applications
The unlicensed drug Succimer (DMSA, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) may be valuable in the treatment
of most forms of heavy-metal poisoning including lead, arsenic and mercury. These and other chelating
agents such as unithiol (DMPS, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid) and α-lipoic acid (ALA) are
also used in alternative medicine, which has led to much criticism and discussion. So far, no medical
study has proven the effectiveness of chelation therapy for any clinical application other than heavy-metal
poisoning.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
In veterinary medicine, succimer may be useful for the oral
treatment of lead poisoning in small animals (including birds).
Potentially, it also may be of benefit for the treatment of other toxic
heavy metals such as arsenic or mercury, but more research must be
done before this can be recommended.
Purification Methods
Purify the acid by dissolving it in NaOH and precipitating with dilute HCl, drying and recrystallising from MeOH. IR has at 2544 (SH) and max 1689 (CO2H) cm-1 . The bis-S-acetyl derivative has m 183-185o (from EtOAc or Me2CO), and its Me ester has m 119-120o (from pet ether) [Gerecke et al. Helv Chim Acta 44 957 1961, Owen & Sultanbawa J Chem Soc 3112 1949]. [Beilstein 3 III 1033.]
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 304-55-2 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 3,0 and 4 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 5 and 5 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 304-55:
(5*3)+(4*0)+(3*4)+(2*5)+(1*5)=42
42 % 10 = 2
So 304-55-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C4H6O4S2/c5-3(6)1(9)2(10)4(7)8/h1-2,9-10H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/p-2/t1-,2+
304-55-2Relevant articles and documents
Comparative in vivo lead mobilization of meso- and rac-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acids in albino Wistar rats
Jones, Mark M.,Singh, Pramod K.,Kostial, Krista,Blanusa, Maja,Piasek, Martina,Restek-Samarozija, Nada
, p. 182 - 186 (2007/10/03)
Comparison of the racemic and meso forms of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in lead mobilization from lead-loaded albino Wistar rats demonstrates that the racemic form is significantly more effective in reducing femur lead levels. After four oral doses at 0.5 mmol/kg, femur lead levels were reduced to 87% of control values by meso-DMSA and to 50% of control levels by rac-DMSA. Similarly, when the dose was increased to 1.0 mmol/kg, femur lead levels were reduced to 69% of control levels by meso-DMSA and to 45% of control levels by rac-DMSA. A similar pattern was found for renal lead levels. Brain lead concentrations were significantly lower in treated groups than in control groups, but no differences were found between rac- and meso-DMSA. Rac-DMSA is more soluble than meso-DMSA in acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and ethyl ether. The partition coefficient of rac-DMSA in the n-octanol/water system was found to be about 2.8. These results indicate that rac-DMSA deserves further attention as a possible substitute for meso-DMSA.
