63-91-2 Usage
Description
Phenylalanie is an essential amino acid and it is the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine. The body cannot make phenylalanie but it needs phenylalanie to produce proteins. Thus, human needs to obtain phenylalanie from food. 3 forms of phenylalanie are found in the nature: D-phenylalanine, L-phenylalanine, and DL-phenylalanine. Among these three forms, L-phenylalanine is the natural form found in most foods that containing proteins, including beef, poultry, pork, fish, milk, yogurt, eggs, cheeses, soy products, and certain nuts and seeds. The form of phenylalanine determines its application. It is suggested that L-phenylalanine can strengthen the effect of UVA radiation for people with vitiligo, in which L-phenylalanine may lead to darkening or repigmentation of the white patches, particularly on the face. The neurotransmitters L-phenylalanine affects help reduce hunger, improve memory, lessen the symptoms of ADHD and Parkinson's disease, and ease chronic pain, according to the UMMC research. Thus, L-phenylalanine is used in the manufacture of food and drink products and sold as a nutritional supplement for its reputed analgesic and antidepressant effects. L-phenylalanine is also suggested as an intermediate for anti-cancer drugs. A few small studies showed promise using L-Phenylalanine to manage alcohol withdrawal and ease PMS symptoms. It is also used in artificial sweeteners such as aspartame.
References
[1] http://www.umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/phenylalanine
[2] Xueqin Song , Philip L. Lorenzi , Christopher P. Landowski , Balvinder S. Vig , John M. Hilfinger , Gordon L. Amidon (2005) Amino Acid Ester Prodrugs of the Anticancer Agent Gemcitabine:? Synthesis, Bioconversion, Metabolic Bioevasion, and hPEPT1-Mediated Transport, 2, 157-167.
Chemical Properties
Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 63-91-2 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. L-Phenylalanine has no odor and a slight bitter taste. It melts with decomposition at about 283°C. The pH of a 1 in 100
solution is between 5.4 and 6.0. FEMA notes this chemical is used in cocoa substitute only.
2. White crystalline powder
Occurrence
Reported found in white bread, macaroni, egg noodles, corn flakes, corn grits, oatmeal, wheat bran, wheat
flakes, shredded wheat, barley, brown rice, rye flour, whole grain wheat flour, buttermilk, blue cheese, cheddar cheese, cottage
cheese, cream cheese, parmesan cheese, bacon, cured ham, frankfurters, pork sausage, canned red kidney beans, canned sweet corn,
canned peas, canned lima beans, canned potatoes, canned asparagus, canned snap beans, canned beets, beef, lamb, fresh ham, veal
round, beef liver, chicken, chicken liver, turkey and other natural sources.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 63-91-2 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. phenylalanine is a conditioning agent with greater application in hair care than in skin care preparations. It is also used in suntan products.
2. L-Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid. L-Phenylalanine is biologically converted into L-tyrosine, another one of the DNA-encoded amino acids, which in turn is converted to L-DOPA and further conv
erted into dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. L-Phenylalanine is produced for medical, feed, and nutritional applications such as in the preparation of Aspartame.
3. L-phenylalanine is an amino acid used as a skin-conditioning agent. It has greater use in hair care than in skin care products.
Definition
ChEBI: The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.
Preparation
From PTS-negative Escherichia coli bioengineered strains.
Synthesis Reference(s)
Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 29, p. 427, 1951 DOI: 10.1139/v51-051The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 30, p. 3414, 1965 DOI: 10.1021/jo01021a035Tetrahedron Letters, 26, p. 2449, 1985 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)94850-0
General Description
Odorless white crystalline powder. Slightly bitter taste. pH (1% aqueous solution) 5.4 to 6.
Air & Water Reactions
Water soluble. Aqueous solutions are weak acids.
Reactivity Profile
L-Phenylalanine may be light sensitive. Act as weak acids in solution.
Health Hazard
ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition L-Phenylalanine emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides.
Fire Hazard
Flash point data for L-Phenylalanine are not available; however, L-Phenylalanine is probably combustible.
Biochem/physiol Actions
L-Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid. It is significantly involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, l-DOPA (Dihydroxyphenylalanine), melanin and thyroxine. L-Phenylalanine metabolism also results in phenylethylamine, that brings about effect of a stimulant in the brain and enhances mood.
Purification Methods
Likely impurities are leucine, valine, methionine and tyrosine. Crystallise L-phenylalanine from water by adding 4volumes of EtOH. Dry it in vacuo over P2O5. Also crystallise it from saturated refluxing aqueous solutions at neutral pH, or 1:1 (v/v) EtOH/water solution, or conc HCl. It sublimes at 176-184o/0.3mm with 98.7% recovery and unracemised [Gross & Gradsky J Am Chem Soc 77 1678 1955]. [Greenstein & Winitz The Chemistry of the Amino Acids J. Wiley, Vol 3 pp 2156-2175 1961, Beilstein 14 IV 1552.]
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 63-91-2 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 6 and 3 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 9 and 1 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 63-91:
(4*6)+(3*3)+(2*9)+(1*1)=52
52 % 10 = 2
So 63-91-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI:1S/C9H11NO2/c10-8(9(11)12)6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6,10H2,(H,11,12)
63-91-2Relevant articles and documents
Enhanced carboxypeptidase efficacies and differentiation of peptide epimers
Sung, Yu-Sheng,Putman, Joshua,Du, Siqi,Armstrong, Daniel W.
, (2022/01/29)
Carboxypeptidases enzymatically cleave the peptide bond of C-terminal amino acids. In humans, it is involved in enzymatic synthesis and maturation of proteins and peptides. Carboxypeptidases A and Y have difficulty hydrolyzing the peptide bond of dipeptides and some other amino acid sequences. Early investigations into different N-blocking groups concluded that larger moieties increased substrate susceptibility to peptide bond hydrolysis with carboxypeptidases. This study conclusively demonstrates that 6-aminoquinoline-N-hydroxysuccimidyl carbamate (AQC) as an N-blocking group greatly enhances substrate hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase. AQC addition to the N-terminus of amino acids and peptides also improves chromatographic peak shapes and sensitivities via mass spectrometry detection. These enzymes have been used for amino acid sequence determination prior to the advent of modern proteomics. However, most modern proteomic methods assume that all peptides are comprised of L-amino acids and therefore cannot distinguish L-from D-amino acids within the peptide sequence. The majority of existing methods that allow for chiral differentiation either require synthetic standards or incur racemization in the process. This study highlights the resistance of D-amino acids within peptides to enzymatic hydrolysis by Carboxypeptidase Y. This stereoselectivity may be advantageous when screening for low abundance peptide stereoisomers.
A novel phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Pseudozyma antarctica for stereoselective biotransformations of unnatural amino acids
Varga, Andrea,Csuka, Pál,Sonesouphap, Orlavanah,Bánóczi, Gergely,To?a, Monica Ioana,Katona, Gabriel,Molnár, Zsófia,Bencze, László Csaba,Poppe, László,Paizs, Csaba
, p. 185 - 194 (2020/04/28)
A novel phenylalanine ammonia-lyase of the psychrophilic yeast Pseudozyma antarctica (PzaPAL) was identified by screening microbial genomes against known PAL sequences. PzaPAL has a significantly different substrate binding pocket with an extended loop (26 aa long) connected to the aromatic ring binding region of the active site as compared to the known PALs from eukaryotes. The general properties of recombinant PzaPAL expressed in E. coli were characterized including kinetic features of this novel PAL with L-phenylalanine (S)-1a and further racemic substituted phenylalanines rac-1b-g,k. In most cases, PzaPAL revealed significantly higher turnover numbers than the PAL from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL). Finally, the biocatalytic performance of PzaPAL and PcPAL was compared in the kinetic resolutions of racemic phenylalanine derivatives (rac-1a-s) by enzymatic ammonia elimination and also in the enantiotope selective ammonia addition reactions to cinnamic acid derivatives (2a-s). The enantiotope selectivity of PzaPAL with o-, m-, p-fluoro-, o-, p-chloro- and o-, m-bromo-substituted cinnamic acids proved to be higher than that of PcPAL.
Investigation of Taniaphos as a chiral selector in chiral extraction of amino acid enantiomers
Xiao, Wenjie,Chen, Shuhuan,Liu, Xiong,Ma, Yu
, p. 292 - 302 (2021/03/29)
Finding chiral selector with high stereoselectivity to a variety of amino acid enantiomers remains a challenge and warrants further research. In this work, Taniaphos, a chiral ligand with rotatable spatial configuration, was employed as a chiral extractant to enantioseparate various amino acid enantiomers. Phenylalanine (Phe), homophenylalanine (Hphe), 4-nitrophenylalanine (Nphe), and 3-chloro-phenylglycine (Cpheg) were used as substrates to evaluate the extraction efficiency. The results revealed that Taniaphos-Cu exhibited good abilities to enantioseparate Phe, Hphe, Nphe, and Cpheg with the highest separation factors (α) of 3.13, 2.10, 2.32, and 2.14, respectively. Taniaphos-Cu is more conducive to combine with D-amino acid in extraction. The influences of pH, Taniaphos-Cu, and concentration and extraction temperature on extraction were comprehensively evaluated. The highest performance factors (pf) for Phe, Hphe, Nphe, and Cpheg at optimal extraction conditions were 0.08892, 0.1250, 0.09621, and 0.08021, respectively. The recognition mechanism between Taniaphos-Cu and amino acid enantiomers was discussed. The coordination interaction between Taniaphos-Cu and -COO?, π-π interaction between Taniaphos-Cu and amino acid enantiomers are important acting forces in chiral extraction. The steric-hindrance between -NH2 and -OH lead to Taniaphos-Cu-D-Phe is more stable than Taniaphos-Cu-L-Phe. This work provided a chiral extractant that has good abilities to enantioseparate various amino acid enantiomers.