162011-90-7 Usage
Description
Rofecoxib, also known by the brand name Vioxx, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that was launched in Mexico for the management of acute pain and the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) and primary dysmenorrhea. It is a highly selective inhibitor of COX-2, the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, which allows it to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity without the gastric or renal toxicities associated with non-specific COX-1/2 inhibitors. Rofecoxib was used from 1999 to 2004 for the treatment of osteoarthritis but was withdrawn due to concerns about an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
Uses
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Rofecoxib is used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent for the management of acute pain, osteoarthritis, and primary dysmenorrhea. Its selective COX-2 inhibition allows for reduced gastrointestinal and renal side effects compared to non-selective NSAIDs.
Used in Research and Development:
Rofecoxib is used as an antipsychotic agent in the development of new medications and therapies.
Used in Analytical Chemistry:
Rofecoxib, labeled as Rizatriptan, is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of Rizatriptan by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) mass spectrometry.
Used in Biochemistry:
Rofecoxib has been utilized in high-performance bioaffinity chromatography for various research applications.
Originator
Merck (US)
Indications
Rofecoxib is approved for the treatment of osteoarthritis,
dysmenorrhea, and acute pain. The most
common adverse reactions to rofecoxib are mild to
moderate GI irritation (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia,
abdominal pain). Lower extremity edema and
hypertension occur relatively frequently (about 3.5%).
It is not metabolized by CYP2C9, so rofecoxib should
not be subject to some of the interactions seen with
celecoxib. However, its metabolism is increased by the
coadministration of rifampin, which acts as a nonspecific
inducer of hepatic metabolism.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Rofecoxib is derived from furanone and has the ability to cross human placenta. Along with anti-inflammatory action, it possesses analgesic and antipyretic properties. Cytosolic hepatic enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of rofecoxib. It is known to cause oligohydramnios and ductus arteriosus constrictions. Rofecoxib inhibits the action of CYP1A2 (cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 2). It might be associated with aseptic meningitis. Rofecoxib is known to ameliorate the risk of colorectal adenoma, but might contribute to toxicity.
Mechanism of action
Rofecoxib is excreted primarily in the urine (72%) as metabolites. Less than 1% is excreted in the urine as
unchanged drug, whereas approximately 14% is excreted in the feces as unchanged drug. Although the metabolism
of rofecoxib has not been fully determined, the microsomal cytochrome P450 system appears to play only a minor
role—a major difference in the metabolic routes of rofecoxib and celecoxib. The major metabolic route appears to
form reduction of the dihydrofuranone ring system by cystolic enzymes to the to cis- and trans- dihydro derivatives.
Also isolated is the glucuronide of a hydroxy derivative that results from CYP2C9 oxidative metabolism. None of the
isolated metabolites of rofecoxib possess pharmacological activity as COX-1 or COX-2 inhibitors.
Pharmacokinetics
Rofecoxib has been synthesized by a number of synthetic routes that have been summarized elsewhere. It was
the second selective COX-2 inhibitor to be marketed. Rofecoxib is well absorbed from the GI tract on oral
administration, with peak plasma levels generally being attained within 2 to 3 hours of dosing. Bioavailability
averages 93% following administration of a single dose. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve is
increased in patients older than 65 years compared to younger adults and is increased slightly in black and Hispanic
patients compared with white patients, but the difference is not considered to be clinically significant.
Clinical Use
Rofecoxib was indicated for the relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, for the management of acute pain
in adults, and for the treatment of primary
dysmenorrhea.
References
1) Chan et al. (1999), Rofecoxib [Vioxx, MK-0966; 4-(4′-methylsulfonylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-(5H)-furanone]: a potent and orally active cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Pharmacological and biochemical profiles; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 290 551
2) Catalla-Lawson et al. (2013), Effects of specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 on sodium balance, hemodynamics and vasoactive eicosanoids; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 289 735
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 162011-90-7 includes 9 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 6 digits, 1,6,2,0,1 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 9 and 0 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 162011-90:
(8*1)+(7*6)+(6*2)+(5*0)+(4*1)+(3*1)+(2*9)+(1*0)=87
87 % 10 = 7
So 162011-90-7 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C17H14O4S/c1-22(19,20)14-9-7-12(8-10-14)15-11-21-17(18)16(15)13-5-3-2-4-6-13/h2-10H,11H2,1H3
162011-90-7Relevant articles and documents
Electrochemical oxygenation of sulfides with molecular oxygen or water: Switchable preparation of sulfoxides and sulfones
Li, Jin-Heng,Li, Yang,Sun, Qing,Xue, Qi,Zhang, Ting-Ting
supporting information, p. 10314 - 10318 (2021/12/17)
A practical and eco-friendly method for the controllable aerobic oxygenation of sulfides by electrochemical catalysis was developed. The switchable preparation of sulfoxides and sulfones was effectively controlled by reaction time, in which both molecular oxygen and water can be used as the oxygen source under catalyst and external oxidant-free conditions. The electrochemical protocol features a broad substrate scope and excellent site selectivity and is successfully applied to the modification of some sulfide-containing pharmaceuticals and their derivatives. This journal is
Multicomponent Reductive Cross-Coupling of an Inorganic Sulfur Dioxide Surrogate: Straightforward Construction of Diversely Functionalized Sulfones
Meng, Yingying,Wang, Ming,Jiang, Xuefeng
supporting information, p. 1346 - 1353 (2019/12/11)
Conventionally, sulfones are prepared by oxidation of sulfides with strong oxidants. Now, a multicomponent reductive cross-coupling involving an inorganic salt (sodium metabisulfite) for the straightforward construction of sulfones is disclosed. Both intramolecular and intermolecular reductive cross-couplings were comprehensively explored, and diverse sulfones were accessible from the corresponding alkyl and aryl halides. Intramolecular cyclic sulfones were systematically obtained from five- to twelve-membered rings. Naturally occurring aliphatic systems, such as steroids, saccharides, and amino acids, were highly compatible with the SO2-insertion reductive cross-coupling. Four clinically applied drug molecules, which include multiple heteroatoms and functional groups with active hydrogens, were successfully prepared via a late-stage SO2 insertion. Mechanistic studies show that alkyl radicals and sulfonyl radicals were both involved as intermediates in this transformation.
Selective oxidation of (hetero)sulfides with molecular oxygen under clean conditions
Liu, Kai-Jian,Deng, Ji-Hui,Yang, Jie,Gong, Shao-Feng,Lin, Ying-Wu,He, Jun-Yi,Cao, Zhong,He, Wei-Min
supporting information, p. 433 - 438 (2020/02/13)
The development of eco-friendly and switchable catalytic systems for the conversion of a sole raw-material into distinct high-value products is a particularly attractive concept and a daunting synthetic challenge. In the present work, the first example of efficient and selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfones and sulfoxides using molecular oxygen under clean conditions was established.
